rich text: Optionally return cursor position from dry run & allow indenting text

The goal of the changes made in this PR is to create something with this
effect ("Jonko" is in in green, the rest is in white):

    "Dear god." Jonko quickly replied,
    crestfallen.

In order to do this, I need to call `NE_RichTextRender3D` or
`NE_RichTextRender3DAlpha` three times: once to draw the first part of
the sentence with the white font, once to draw "Jonko" in turquoise, and
once to draw the remainder of the sentence in white again. In order to
ensure that text is being drawn in the correct location, I need the
position where the previous call stopped drawing, which leads to the
first change this PR makes: I have added a version of
`DSF_StringRenderDryRun` which accepts pointers to `final_x` and
`final_y` and stores the last position of `font->pointer_x` and
`font->pointer_y` in them and I have added a new variant of
`NE_RichTextRenderDryRun` called `NE_RichTextRenderDryRunWithPos` which
uses that DSF function and has analogous parameters.

These functions get us the position where we need to place the next
cursor, but the next issue is that currently NitroEngine and libDSF only
allow for specifying the position of the overall box to draw text in,
but not where to offset the cursor in that box. This leads to the
following problem ("Jonko" is in in green, the rest is in white):

    "Dear god." Jonko quickly replied,
                        crestfallen.

Thus, the second change: I have introduced new versions of
`DSF_StringRender3D` and `DSF_StringRender3DAlpha` which accept an
`xStart` position that is added to the `pointerX`. Correspondingly, I
have added versions of `NE_RichTextRender3D` and
`NE_RichTextRender3DAlpha` that use these new functions as well.

Let me know if there are any issues with how I've written this (C is not
my forte, after all), but the first screenshot is this being tested in
production code.

.github/workflows/build.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: CC0-1.0
+#
+# SPDX-FileContributor: Antonio Niño Díaz, 2025
+
+name: Documentation
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches:
+      - 'master'
+    paths-ignore:
+      - '**.rst'
+      - 'examples'
+      - 'licenses'
+      - 'Makefile*'
+      - 'source*'
+      - 'tests'
+      - 'tools'
+  workflow_dispatch:
+  repository_dispatch:
+    types: [run_build]
+
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+  pages: write
+  id-token: write
+  packages: write
+
+jobs:
+
+  generate_website:
+    name: Generate website
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: true
+
+    steps:
+      - name: Clone project
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        with:
+          ref: 'master'
+          fetch-depth: 0
+
+      - name: Install dependencies
+        run: |
+          sudo apt-get install doxygen
+
+      - name: Build documentation
+        run: |
+          cd documentation
+          bash generate.sh
+
+          # Create tarball with everything to upload to GitHub pages
+          cd html
+          tar -cvf ../../repo.tar ./*
+
+      - name: Upload repo artifact
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+        with:
+          name: github-pages
+          path: repo.tar
+          if-no-files-found: error
+
+  publish_repo:
+    name: Publish website with GitHub pages
+    if: contains(github.ref,'refs/heads/master')
+    needs: [generate_website]
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    environment:
+      name: github-pages
+      url: ${{ steps.deployment.outputs.page_url }}
+
+    steps:
+      - name: Setup Pages
+        uses: actions/configure-pages@v5
+
+      - name: Deploy to GitHub Pages
+        id: deployment
+        uses: actions/deploy-pages@v4

Makefile

@@ -1,139 +1,23 @@
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-.SUFFIXES:
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: CC0-1.0
+#
+# SPDX-FileContributor: Antonio Niño Díaz, 2024
 
-ifeq ($(strip $(DEVKITARM)),)
-$(error "Please set DEVKITARM in your environment. export DEVKITARM=<path to>devkitARM")
-endif
+# Tools
+# -----
 
-include $(DEVKITARM)/ds_rules
+MAKE := make
 
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# TARGET is the name of the output
-# BUILD is the directory where object files & intermediate files will be placed
-# SOURCES is a list of directories containing source code
-# DATA is a list of directories containing data files
-# INCLUDES is a list of directories containing header files
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-SOURCES		:=	source source/dsma source/libdsf
-DATA		:=	data
-INCLUDES	:=	include source/libdsf
+# Targets
+# -------
 
-ifeq ($(NE_DEBUG),1)
-	TARGET	:=	NE_debug
-	BUILD	:=	build_debug
-else
-	TARGET	:=	NE
-	BUILD	:=	build_release
-endif
+.PHONY: all install clean
 
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# options for code generation
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-ARCH	:=	-mthumb -mthumb-interwork
+all:
+	$(MAKE) -f Makefile.blocksds
+	$(MAKE) -f Makefile.blocksds NE_DEBUG=1
 
-CFLAGS	:=	-g -Wall -O2\
-		-march=armv5te -mtune=arm946e-s \
-		-fomit-frame-pointer -ffast-math \
-		$(ARCH) -Wno-address-of-packed-member
+install: all
+	$(MAKE) -f Makefile.blocksds install
 
-ifeq ($(NE_DEBUG),1)
-	CFLAGS	+= -DNE_DEBUG
-endif
-
-CFLAGS	+=	$(INCLUDE) -DARM9
-CXXFLAGS	:= $(CFLAGS) -fno-rtti -fno-exceptions
-
-ASFLAGS	:=	-g $(ARCH) -march=armv5te -mtune=arm946e-s
-LDFLAGS	=	-specs=ds_arm9.specs -g $(ARCH) -Wl,-Map,$(notdir $*.map)
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# any extra libraries we wish to link with the project
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-LIBS	:=
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# list of directories containing libraries, this must be the top level containing
-# include and lib
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-LIBDIRS	:=	$(LIBNDS)
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# no real need to edit anything past this point unless you need to add additional
-# rules for different file extensions
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-ifneq ($(BUILD),$(notdir $(CURDIR)))
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-export OUTPUT	:=	$(CURDIR)/lib/lib$(TARGET).a
-
-export VPATH	:=	$(foreach dir,$(SOURCES),$(CURDIR)/$(dir)) \
-			$(foreach dir,$(DATA),$(CURDIR)/$(dir))
-
-export DEPSDIR	:=	$(CURDIR)/$(BUILD)
-
-CFILES		:=	$(foreach dir,$(SOURCES),$(notdir $(wildcard $(dir)/*.c)))
-CPPFILES	:=	$(foreach dir,$(SOURCES),$(notdir $(wildcard $(dir)/*.cpp)))
-SFILES		:=	$(foreach dir,$(SOURCES),$(notdir $(wildcard $(dir)/*.s)))
-BINFILES	:=	$(foreach dir,$(DATA),$(notdir $(wildcard $(dir)/*.*)))
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# use CXX for linking C++ projects, CC for standard C
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-ifeq ($(strip $(CPPFILES)),)
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-	export LD	:=	$(CC)
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-else
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-	export LD	:=	$(CXX)
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-endif
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-export OFILES	:=	$(addsuffix .o,$(BINFILES)) \
-			$(CPPFILES:.cpp=.o) $(CFILES:.c=.o) $(SFILES:.s=.o)
-
-export INCLUDE	:=	$(foreach dir,$(INCLUDES),-I$(CURDIR)/$(dir)) \
-			$(foreach dir,$(LIBDIRS),-I$(dir)/include) \
-			-I$(CURDIR)/$(BUILD)
-
-.PHONY: $(BUILD) clean all
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-all: $(BUILD)
-
-lib:
-	@[ -d $@ ] || mkdir -p $@
-	
-$(BUILD): lib
-	@[ -d $@ ] || mkdir -p $@
-	@$(MAKE) --no-print-directory -C $(BUILD) -f $(CURDIR)/Makefile
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 clean:
-	@echo clean ...
-	@rm -fr build_debug build_release lib
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-else
-
-DEPENDS	:=	$(OFILES:.o=.d)
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# main targets
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-$(OUTPUT)	:	$(OFILES)
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-%.bin.o	:	%.bin
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-	@echo $(notdir $<)
-	@$(bin2o)
-
-
--include $(DEPENDS)
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-endif
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+	$(MAKE) -f Makefile.blocksds clean

Makefile.blocksds

@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ ARCHIVE		:= lib/lib$(NAME).a
 PREFIX		:= $(ARM_NONE_EABI_PATH)arm-none-eabi-
 CC		:= $(PREFIX)gcc
 CXX		:= $(PREFIX)g++
-AR		:= ar
+AR		:= $(PREFIX)ar
 MKDIR		:= mkdir
 RM		:= rm -rf
 CP		:= cp
@@ -92,16 +92,16 @@ WARNFLAGS	:= -Wall -Wno-address-of-packed-member
 INCLUDEFLAGS	:= $(foreach path,$(INCLUDEDIRS),-I$(path)) \
 		   $(foreach path,$(LIBDIRS),-I$(path)/include)
 
-ASFLAGS		+= -x assembler-with-cpp $(DEFINES) $(ARCH) \
+ASFLAGS		+= -g -x assembler-with-cpp $(DEFINES) $(ARCH) \
 		   -mthumb -mthumb-interwork $(INCLUDEFLAGS) \
 		   -ffunction-sections -fdata-sections
 
-CFLAGS		+= -std=gnu11 $(WARNFLAGS) $(DEFINES) $(ARCH) \
+CFLAGS		+= -g -std=gnu11 $(WARNFLAGS) $(DEFINES) $(ARCH) \
 		   -mthumb -mthumb-interwork $(INCLUDEFLAGS) -O2 \
 		   -ffunction-sections -fdata-sections \
 		   -fomit-frame-pointer
 
-CXXFLAGS	+= -std=gnu++14 $(WARNFLAGS) $(DEFINES) $(ARCH) \
+CXXFLAGS	+= -g -std=gnu++14 $(WARNFLAGS) $(DEFINES) $(ARCH) \
 		   -mthumb -mthumb-interwork $(INCLUDEFLAGS) -O2 \
 		   -ffunction-sections -fdata-sections \
 		   -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti \
@@ -147,6 +147,7 @@ install: all
 	$(V)$(CP) -r tools/img2ds/*.py $(BLOCKSDSEXT)/$(INSTALLNAME)/tools/img2ds
 	$(V)$(CP) -r tools/md5_to_dsma/*.py $(BLOCKSDSEXT)/$(INSTALLNAME)/tools/md5_to_dsma
 	$(V)$(CP) -r tools/obj2dl/*.py $(BLOCKSDSEXT)/$(INSTALLNAME)/tools/obj2dl
+	$(V)$(CP) -r licenses $(BLOCKSDSEXT)/$(INSTALLNAME)/
 
 clean:
 	@echo "  CLEAN"

changelog.rst

@@ -1,6 +1,81 @@
 Changelog
 =========
 
+Version 0.15.3 (2025-03-26)
+---------------------------
+
+- The devkitARM makefiles have been removed as they only work with old versions
+  of devkitARM, which aren't supported by its maintainers. The code and examples
+  of Nitro Engine will probably need changes to work with current devkitARM.
+- The GRF files used in an example have been updated, they were built before the
+  format was changed.
+- The build scripts for assets have been modified to use the value of the
+  environment variables ``BLOCKSDS`` and ``BLOCKSDSEXT`` if they are found.
+- Build library with debug symbols to help debug applications that use it.
+
+Version 0.15.2 (2025-01-15)
+---------------------------
+
+- Fix `ar` binary used to build the library.
+- Update documentation.
+- Fix build of examples in devkitARM.
+- Improve setup instructions.
+
+Version 0.15.1 (2024-12-23)
+---------------------------
+
+- Install licenses with the rest of the library.
+- Clarify some comments in examples.
+
+Version 0.15.0 (2024-12-01)
+---------------------------
+
+- Allow users to specify the transformation matrix of a model manually.
+- Fix a devkitARM Makefile in an example.
+
+Version 0.14.0 (2024-09-10)
+---------------------------
+
+- Use ``stdint.h`` types instead of libnds types.
+- Update BlocksDS makefiles.
+- Update libdsf to v0.1.3.
+- Fix some memory leaks/use-after-free bugs in the RichText module.
+
+Version 0.13.0 (2024-06-08)
+---------------------------
+
+- Define BlocksDS as the main toolchain to use with Nitro Engine.
+- Simplify build and installation instructions of the library.
+- Update ``md5_2_dsma`` to correctly export the base animation of models.
+- Stop using ``NE_RGB5`` in the examples, this format is discouraged.
+- Optimize copy of ``NE_RGB5`` textures to VRAM.
+
+Version 0.12.0 (2024-03-30)
+---------------------------
+
+- Deprecate ``NE_ShadingEnable()``. The name was misleading. All examples that
+  use it have stopped calling it.
+- For sprites, add a way to specify texture coordinates inside the material to
+  use a small part of the texture instead of the whole texture:
+  ``NE_SpriteSetMaterialCanvas()``. This is now used in the sprites example.
+- Stop using global variables in most examples. Instead, the rendering functions
+  get values through the arguments of ``NE_ProcessArg()`` and
+  ``NE_ProcessDualArg()``.
+- Don't expect palette objects when loading GRF files if the file doesn't
+  contain a palette.
+- Allow loading BMFont fonts from RAM, not just nitroFS. Add an example of
+  using rich text fonts from RAM.
+- Added a function to reset the rich text font system. Also add a function to
+  return the size that a specific text string would have if drawn.
+- Add shadow volume example.
+- Build some functions that do lots of multiplications as ARM to increase
+  performance.
+- Fix compilation with devkitARM.
+- Fix linker invocation for C++ with BlocksDS.
+- Update libDSF to version 0.1.2, with some speed improvements.
+- Relicensed libDSF under "Zlib OR MIT" to simplify licensing with Nitro Engine.
+- Some minor documentation improvements.
+
 Version 0.11.0 (2024-03-02)
 ---------------------------
 

documentation/Doxyfile

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# Doxyfile 1.9.4
+# Doxyfile 1.9.8
 
 # This file describes the settings to be used by the documentation system
 # doxygen (www.doxygen.org) for a project.
@@ -19,7 +19,8 @@
 # configuration file:
 # doxygen -x [configFile]
 # Use doxygen to compare the used configuration file with the template
-# configuration file without replacing the environment variables:
+# configuration file without replacing the environment variables or CMake type
+# replacement variables:
 # doxygen -x_noenv [configFile]
 
 #---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -47,7 +48,7 @@ PROJECT_NAME           = "Nitro Engine"
 # could be handy for archiving the generated documentation or if some version
 # control system is used.
 
-PROJECT_NUMBER         = 0.11.0
+PROJECT_NUMBER         = 0.15.3
 
 # Using the PROJECT_BRIEF tag one can provide an optional one line description
 # for a project that appears at the top of each page and should give viewer a
@@ -85,7 +86,7 @@ CREATE_SUBDIRS         = NO
 # level increment doubles the number of directories, resulting in 4096
 # directories at level 8 which is the default and also the maximum value. The
 # sub-directories are organized in 2 levels, the first level always has a fixed
-# numer of 16 directories.
+# number of 16 directories.
 # Minimum value: 0, maximum value: 8, default value: 8.
 # This tag requires that the tag CREATE_SUBDIRS is set to YES.
 
@@ -362,6 +363,17 @@ MARKDOWN_SUPPORT       = YES
 
 TOC_INCLUDE_HEADINGS   = 0
 
+# The MARKDOWN_ID_STYLE tag can be used to specify the algorithm used to
+# generate identifiers for the Markdown headings. Note: Every identifier is
+# unique.
+# Possible values are: DOXYGEN use a fixed 'autotoc_md' string followed by a
+# sequence number starting at 0 and GITHUB use the lower case version of title
+# with any whitespace replaced by '-' and punctuation characters removed.
+# The default value is: DOXYGEN.
+# This tag requires that the tag MARKDOWN_SUPPORT is set to YES.
+
+MARKDOWN_ID_STYLE      = DOXYGEN
+
 # When enabled doxygen tries to link words that correspond to documented
 # classes, or namespaces to their corresponding documentation. Such a link can
 # be prevented in individual cases by putting a % sign in front of the word or
@@ -486,6 +498,14 @@ LOOKUP_CACHE_SIZE      = 0
 
 NUM_PROC_THREADS       = 1
 
+# If the TIMESTAMP tag is set different from NO then each generated page will
+# contain the date or date and time when the page was generated. Setting this to
+# NO can help when comparing the output of multiple runs.
+# Possible values are: YES, NO, DATETIME and DATE.
+# The default value is: NO.
+
+TIMESTAMP              = NO
+
 #---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Build related configuration options
 #---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -567,7 +587,8 @@ HIDE_UNDOC_MEMBERS     = YES
 # If the HIDE_UNDOC_CLASSES tag is set to YES, doxygen will hide all
 # undocumented classes that are normally visible in the class hierarchy. If set
 # to NO, these classes will be included in the various overviews. This option
-# has no effect if EXTRACT_ALL is enabled.
+# will also hide undocumented C++ concepts if enabled. This option has no effect
+# if EXTRACT_ALL is enabled.
 # The default value is: NO.
 
 HIDE_UNDOC_CLASSES     = YES
@@ -605,7 +626,8 @@ INTERNAL_DOCS          = NO
 # Windows (including Cygwin) and MacOS, users should typically set this option
 # to NO, whereas on Linux or other Unix flavors it should typically be set to
 # YES.
-# The default value is: system dependent.
+# Possible values are: SYSTEM, NO and YES.
+# The default value is: SYSTEM.
 
 CASE_SENSE_NAMES       = YES
 
@@ -857,11 +879,26 @@ WARN_IF_INCOMPLETE_DOC = YES
 
 WARN_NO_PARAMDOC       = YES
 
+# If WARN_IF_UNDOC_ENUM_VAL option is set to YES, doxygen will warn about
+# undocumented enumeration values. If set to NO, doxygen will accept
+# undocumented enumeration values. If EXTRACT_ALL is set to YES then this flag
+# will automatically be disabled.
+# The default value is: NO.
+
+WARN_IF_UNDOC_ENUM_VAL = NO
+
 # If the WARN_AS_ERROR tag is set to YES then doxygen will immediately stop when
 # a warning is encountered. If the WARN_AS_ERROR tag is set to FAIL_ON_WARNINGS
 # then doxygen will continue running as if WARN_AS_ERROR tag is set to NO, but
 # at the end of the doxygen process doxygen will return with a non-zero status.
-# Possible values are: NO, YES and FAIL_ON_WARNINGS.
+# If the WARN_AS_ERROR tag is set to FAIL_ON_WARNINGS_PRINT then doxygen behaves
+# like FAIL_ON_WARNINGS but in case no WARN_LOGFILE is defined doxygen will not
+# write the warning messages in between other messages but write them at the end
+# of a run, in case a WARN_LOGFILE is defined the warning messages will be
+# besides being in the defined file also be shown at the end of a run, unless
+# the WARN_LOGFILE is defined as - i.e. standard output (stdout) in that case
+# the behavior will remain as with the setting FAIL_ON_WARNINGS.
+# Possible values are: NO, YES, FAIL_ON_WARNINGS and FAIL_ON_WARNINGS_PRINT.
 # The default value is: NO.
 
 WARN_AS_ERROR          = NO
@@ -914,10 +951,21 @@ INPUT                  = ../source \
 # libiconv (or the iconv built into libc) for the transcoding. See the libiconv
 # documentation (see:
 # https://www.gnu.org/software/libiconv/) for the list of possible encodings.
+# See also: INPUT_FILE_ENCODING
 # The default value is: UTF-8.
 
 INPUT_ENCODING         = UTF-8
 
+# This tag can be used to specify the character encoding of the source files
+# that doxygen parses The INPUT_FILE_ENCODING tag can be used to specify
+# character encoding on a per file pattern basis. Doxygen will compare the file
+# name with each pattern and apply the encoding instead of the default
+# INPUT_ENCODING) if there is a match. The character encodings are a list of the
+# form: pattern=encoding (like *.php=ISO-8859-1). See cfg_input_encoding
+# "INPUT_ENCODING" for further information on supported encodings.
+
+INPUT_FILE_ENCODING    =
+
 # If the value of the INPUT tag contains directories, you can use the
 # FILE_PATTERNS tag to specify one or more wildcard patterns (like *.cpp and
 # *.h) to filter out the source-files in the directories.
@@ -929,12 +977,12 @@ INPUT_ENCODING         = UTF-8
 # Note the list of default checked file patterns might differ from the list of
 # default file extension mappings.
 #
-# If left blank the following patterns are tested:*.c, *.cc, *.cxx, *.cpp,
-# *.c++, *.java, *.ii, *.ixx, *.ipp, *.i++, *.inl, *.idl, *.ddl, *.odl, *.h,
-# *.hh, *.hxx, *.hpp, *.h++, *.l, *.cs, *.d, *.php, *.php4, *.php5, *.phtml,
-# *.inc, *.m, *.markdown, *.md, *.mm, *.dox (to be provided as doxygen C
-# comment), *.py, *.pyw, *.f90, *.f95, *.f03, *.f08, *.f18, *.f, *.for, *.vhd,
-# *.vhdl, *.ucf, *.qsf and *.ice.
+# If left blank the following patterns are tested:*.c, *.cc, *.cxx, *.cxxm,
+# *.cpp, *.cppm, *.c++, *.c++m, *.java, *.ii, *.ixx, *.ipp, *.i++, *.inl, *.idl,
+# *.ddl, *.odl, *.h, *.hh, *.hxx, *.hpp, *.h++, *.ixx, *.l, *.cs, *.d, *.php,
+# *.php4, *.php5, *.phtml, *.inc, *.m, *.markdown, *.md, *.mm, *.dox (to be
+# provided as doxygen C comment), *.py, *.pyw, *.f90, *.f95, *.f03, *.f08,
+# *.f18, *.f, *.for, *.vhd, *.vhdl, *.ucf, *.qsf and *.ice.
 
 FILE_PATTERNS          = *.c \
                          *.h
@@ -975,9 +1023,6 @@ EXCLUDE_PATTERNS       =
 # output. The symbol name can be a fully qualified name, a word, or if the
 # wildcard * is used, a substring. Examples: ANamespace, AClass,
 # ANamespace::AClass, ANamespace::*Test
-#
-# Note that the wildcards are matched against the file with absolute path, so to
-# exclude all test directories use the pattern */test/*
 
 EXCLUDE_SYMBOLS        =
 
@@ -1022,6 +1067,11 @@ IMAGE_PATH             =
 # code is scanned, but not when the output code is generated. If lines are added
 # or removed, the anchors will not be placed correctly.
 #
+# Note that doxygen will use the data processed and written to standard output
+# for further processing, therefore nothing else, like debug statements or used
+# commands (so in case of a Windows batch file always use @echo OFF), should be
+# written to standard output.
+#
 # Note that for custom extensions or not directly supported extensions you also
 # need to set EXTENSION_MAPPING for the extension otherwise the files are not
 # properly processed by doxygen.
@@ -1063,6 +1113,15 @@ FILTER_SOURCE_PATTERNS =
 
 USE_MDFILE_AS_MAINPAGE =
 
+# The Fortran standard specifies that for fixed formatted Fortran code all
+# characters from position 72 are to be considered as comment. A common
+# extension is to allow longer lines before the automatic comment starts. The
+# setting FORTRAN_COMMENT_AFTER will also make it possible that longer lines can
+# be processed before the automatic comment starts.
+# Minimum value: 7, maximum value: 10000, default value: 72.
+
+FORTRAN_COMMENT_AFTER  = 72
+
 #---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Configuration options related to source browsing
 #---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1200,10 +1259,11 @@ CLANG_DATABASE_PATH    =
 
 ALPHABETICAL_INDEX     = YES
 
-# In case all classes in a project start with a common prefix, all classes will
-# be put under the same header in the alphabetical index. The IGNORE_PREFIX tag
-# can be used to specify a prefix (or a list of prefixes) that should be ignored
-# while generating the index headers.
+# The IGNORE_PREFIX tag can be used to specify a prefix (or a list of prefixes)
+# that should be ignored while generating the index headers. The IGNORE_PREFIX
+# tag works for classes, function and member names. The entity will be placed in
+# the alphabetical list under the first letter of the entity name that remains
+# after removing the prefix.
 # This tag requires that the tag ALPHABETICAL_INDEX is set to YES.
 
 IGNORE_PREFIX          =
@@ -1282,7 +1342,12 @@ HTML_STYLESHEET        =
 # Doxygen will copy the style sheet files to the output directory.
 # Note: The order of the extra style sheet files is of importance (e.g. the last
 # style sheet in the list overrules the setting of the previous ones in the
-# list). For an example see the documentation.
+# list).
+# Note: Since the styling of scrollbars can currently not be overruled in
+# Webkit/Chromium, the styling will be left out of the default doxygen.css if
+# one or more extra stylesheets have been specified. So if scrollbar
+# customization is desired it has to be added explicitly. For an example see the
+# documentation.
 # This tag requires that the tag GENERATE_HTML is set to YES.
 
 HTML_EXTRA_STYLESHEET  =
@@ -1297,6 +1362,19 @@ HTML_EXTRA_STYLESHEET  =
 
 HTML_EXTRA_FILES       =
 
+# The HTML_COLORSTYLE tag can be used to specify if the generated HTML output
+# should be rendered with a dark or light theme.
+# Possible values are: LIGHT always generate light mode output, DARK always
+# generate dark mode output, AUTO_LIGHT automatically set the mode according to
+# the user preference, use light mode if no preference is set (the default),
+# AUTO_DARK automatically set the mode according to the user preference, use
+# dark mode if no preference is set and TOGGLE allow to user to switch between
+# light and dark mode via a button.
+# The default value is: AUTO_LIGHT.
+# This tag requires that the tag GENERATE_HTML is set to YES.
+
+HTML_COLORSTYLE        = AUTO_LIGHT
+
 # The HTML_COLORSTYLE_HUE tag controls the color of the HTML output. Doxygen
 # will adjust the colors in the style sheet and background images according to
 # this color. Hue is specified as an angle on a color-wheel, see
@@ -1327,15 +1405,6 @@ HTML_COLORSTYLE_SAT    = 100
 
 HTML_COLORSTYLE_GAMMA  = 80
 
-# If the HTML_TIMESTAMP tag is set to YES then the footer of each generated HTML
-# page will contain the date and time when the page was generated. Setting this
-# to YES can help to show when doxygen was last run and thus if the
-# documentation is up to date.
-# The default value is: NO.
-# This tag requires that the tag GENERATE_HTML is set to YES.
-
-HTML_TIMESTAMP         = NO
-
 # If the HTML_DYNAMIC_MENUS tag is set to YES then the generated HTML
 # documentation will contain a main index with vertical navigation menus that
 # are dynamically created via JavaScript. If disabled, the navigation index will
@@ -1355,6 +1424,13 @@ HTML_DYNAMIC_MENUS     = YES
 
 HTML_DYNAMIC_SECTIONS  = NO
 
+# If the HTML_CODE_FOLDING tag is set to YES then classes and functions can be
+# dynamically folded and expanded in the generated HTML source code.
+# The default value is: YES.
+# This tag requires that the tag GENERATE_HTML is set to YES.
+
+HTML_CODE_FOLDING      = YES
+
 # With HTML_INDEX_NUM_ENTRIES one can control the preferred number of entries
 # shown in the various tree structured indices initially; the user can expand
 # and collapse entries dynamically later on. Doxygen will expand the tree to
@@ -1485,6 +1561,16 @@ BINARY_TOC             = NO
 
 TOC_EXPAND             = NO
 
+# The SITEMAP_URL tag is used to specify the full URL of the place where the
+# generated documentation will be placed on the server by the user during the
+# deployment of the documentation. The generated sitemap is called sitemap.xml
+# and placed on the directory specified by HTML_OUTPUT. In case no SITEMAP_URL
+# is specified no sitemap is generated. For information about the sitemap
+# protocol see https://www.sitemaps.org
+# This tag requires that the tag GENERATE_HTML is set to YES.
+
+SITEMAP_URL            =
+
 # If the GENERATE_QHP tag is set to YES and both QHP_NAMESPACE and
 # QHP_VIRTUAL_FOLDER are set, an additional index file will be generated that
 # can be used as input for Qt's qhelpgenerator to generate a Qt Compressed Help
@@ -1660,17 +1746,6 @@ HTML_FORMULA_FORMAT    = png
 
 FORMULA_FONTSIZE       = 10
 
-# Use the FORMULA_TRANSPARENT tag to determine whether or not the images
-# generated for formulas are transparent PNGs. Transparent PNGs are not
-# supported properly for IE 6.0, but are supported on all modern browsers.
-#
-# Note that when changing this option you need to delete any form_*.png files in
-# the HTML output directory before the changes have effect.
-# The default value is: YES.
-# This tag requires that the tag GENERATE_HTML is set to YES.
-
-FORMULA_TRANSPARENT    = YES
-
 # The FORMULA_MACROFILE can contain LaTeX \newcommand and \renewcommand commands
 # to create new LaTeX commands to be used in formulas as building blocks. See
 # the section "Including formulas" for details.
@@ -1984,9 +2059,16 @@ PDF_HYPERLINKS         = YES
 
 USE_PDFLATEX           = YES
 
-# If the LATEX_BATCHMODE tag is set to YES, doxygen will add the \batchmode
-# command to the generated LaTeX files. This will instruct LaTeX to keep running
-# if errors occur, instead of asking the user for help.
+# The LATEX_BATCHMODE tag signals the behavior of LaTeX in case of an error.
+# Possible values are: NO same as ERROR_STOP, YES same as BATCH, BATCH In batch
+# mode nothing is printed on the terminal, errors are scrolled as if <return> is
+# hit at every error; missing files that TeX tries to input or request from
+# keyboard input (\read on a not open input stream) cause the job to abort,
+# NON_STOP In nonstop mode the diagnostic message will appear on the terminal,
+# but there is no possibility of user interaction just like in batch mode,
+# SCROLL In scroll mode, TeX will stop only for missing files to input or if
+# keyboard input is necessary and ERROR_STOP In errorstop mode, TeX will stop at
+# each error, asking for user intervention.
 # The default value is: NO.
 # This tag requires that the tag GENERATE_LATEX is set to YES.
 
@@ -2007,14 +2089,6 @@ LATEX_HIDE_INDICES     = NO
 
 LATEX_BIB_STYLE        = plain
 
-# If the LATEX_TIMESTAMP tag is set to YES then the footer of each generated
-# page will contain the date and time when the page was generated. Setting this
-# to NO can help when comparing the output of multiple runs.
-# The default value is: NO.
-# This tag requires that the tag GENERATE_LATEX is set to YES.
-
-LATEX_TIMESTAMP        = NO
-
 # The LATEX_EMOJI_DIRECTORY tag is used to specify the (relative or absolute)
 # path from which the emoji images will be read. If a relative path is entered,
 # it will be relative to the LATEX_OUTPUT directory. If left blank the
@@ -2180,13 +2254,39 @@ DOCBOOK_OUTPUT         = docbook
 #---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 # If the GENERATE_AUTOGEN_DEF tag is set to YES, doxygen will generate an
-# AutoGen Definitions (see http://autogen.sourceforge.net/) file that captures
+# AutoGen Definitions (see https://autogen.sourceforge.net/) file that captures
 # the structure of the code including all documentation. Note that this feature
 # is still experimental and incomplete at the moment.
 # The default value is: NO.
 
 GENERATE_AUTOGEN_DEF   = NO
 
+#---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Configuration options related to Sqlite3 output
+#---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+# If the GENERATE_SQLITE3 tag is set to YES doxygen will generate a Sqlite3
+# database with symbols found by doxygen stored in tables.
+# The default value is: NO.
+
+GENERATE_SQLITE3       = NO
+
+# The SQLITE3_OUTPUT tag is used to specify where the Sqlite3 database will be
+# put. If a relative path is entered the value of OUTPUT_DIRECTORY will be put
+# in front of it.
+# The default directory is: sqlite3.
+# This tag requires that the tag GENERATE_SQLITE3 is set to YES.
+
+SQLITE3_OUTPUT         = sqlite3
+
+# The SQLITE3_OVERWRITE_DB tag is set to YES, the existing doxygen_sqlite3.db
+# database file will be recreated with each doxygen run. If set to NO, doxygen
+# will warn if an a database file is already found and not modify it.
+# The default value is: YES.
+# This tag requires that the tag GENERATE_SQLITE3 is set to YES.
+
+SQLITE3_RECREATE_DB    = YES
+
 #---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Configuration options related to the Perl module output
 #---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -2329,15 +2429,15 @@ TAGFILES               =
 
 GENERATE_TAGFILE       =
 
-# If the ALLEXTERNALS tag is set to YES, all external class will be listed in
-# the class index. If set to NO, only the inherited external classes will be
-# listed.
+# If the ALLEXTERNALS tag is set to YES, all external classes and namespaces
+# will be listed in the class and namespace index. If set to NO, only the
+# inherited external classes will be listed.
 # The default value is: NO.
 
 ALLEXTERNALS           = NO
 
 # If the EXTERNAL_GROUPS tag is set to YES, all external groups will be listed
-# in the modules index. If set to NO, only the current project's groups will be
+# in the topic index. If set to NO, only the current project's groups will be
 # listed.
 # The default value is: YES.
 
@@ -2351,16 +2451,9 @@ EXTERNAL_GROUPS        = YES
 EXTERNAL_PAGES         = YES
 
 #---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Configuration options related to the dot tool
+# Configuration options related to diagram generator tools
 #---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-# You can include diagrams made with dia in doxygen documentation. Doxygen will
-# then run dia to produce the diagram and insert it in the documentation. The
-# DIA_PATH tag allows you to specify the directory where the dia binary resides.
-# If left empty dia is assumed to be found in the default search path.
-
-DIA_PATH               =
-
 # If set to YES the inheritance and collaboration graphs will hide inheritance
 # and usage relations if the target is undocumented or is not a class.
 # The default value is: YES.
@@ -2369,7 +2462,7 @@ HIDE_UNDOC_RELATIONS   = YES
 
 # If you set the HAVE_DOT tag to YES then doxygen will assume the dot tool is
 # available from the path. This tool is part of Graphviz (see:
-# http://www.graphviz.org/), a graph visualization toolkit from AT&T and Lucent
+# https://www.graphviz.org/), a graph visualization toolkit from AT&T and Lucent
 # Bell Labs. The other options in this section have no effect if this option is
 # set to NO
 # The default value is: YES.
@@ -2386,37 +2479,51 @@ HAVE_DOT               = NO
 
 DOT_NUM_THREADS        = 0
 
-# When you want a differently looking font in the dot files that doxygen
-# generates you can specify the font name using DOT_FONTNAME. You need to make
-# sure dot is able to find the font, which can be done by putting it in a
-# standard location or by setting the DOTFONTPATH environment variable or by
-# setting DOT_FONTPATH to the directory containing the font.
-# The default value is: Helvetica.
+# DOT_COMMON_ATTR is common attributes for nodes, edges and labels of
+# subgraphs. When you want a differently looking font in the dot files that
+# doxygen generates you can specify fontname, fontcolor and fontsize attributes.
+# For details please see <a href=https://graphviz.org/doc/info/attrs.html>Node,
+# Edge and Graph Attributes specification</a> You need to make sure dot is able
+# to find the font, which can be done by putting it in a standard location or by
+# setting the DOTFONTPATH environment variable or by setting DOT_FONTPATH to the
+# directory containing the font. Default graphviz fontsize is 14.
+# The default value is: fontname=Helvetica,fontsize=10.
 # This tag requires that the tag HAVE_DOT is set to YES.
 
-DOT_FONTNAME           = FreeSans
+DOT_COMMON_ATTR        = "fontname=FreeSans,fontsize=10"
 
-# The DOT_FONTSIZE tag can be used to set the size (in points) of the font of
-# dot graphs.
-# Minimum value: 4, maximum value: 24, default value: 10.
+# DOT_EDGE_ATTR is concatenated with DOT_COMMON_ATTR. For elegant style you can
+# add 'arrowhead=open, arrowtail=open, arrowsize=0.5'. <a
+# href=https://graphviz.org/doc/info/arrows.html>Complete documentation about
+# arrows shapes.</a>
+# The default value is: labelfontname=Helvetica,labelfontsize=10.
 # This tag requires that the tag HAVE_DOT is set to YES.
 
-DOT_FONTSIZE           = 10
+DOT_EDGE_ATTR          = "labelfontname=FreeSans,labelfontsize=10"
 
-# By default doxygen will tell dot to use the default font as specified with
-# DOT_FONTNAME. If you specify a different font using DOT_FONTNAME you can set
-# the path where dot can find it using this tag.
+# DOT_NODE_ATTR is concatenated with DOT_COMMON_ATTR. For view without boxes
+# around nodes set 'shape=plain' or 'shape=plaintext' <a
+# href=https://www.graphviz.org/doc/info/shapes.html>Shapes specification</a>
+# The default value is: shape=box,height=0.2,width=0.4.
+# This tag requires that the tag HAVE_DOT is set to YES.
+
+DOT_NODE_ATTR          = "shape=box,height=0.2,width=0.4"
+
+# You can set the path where dot can find font specified with fontname in
+# DOT_COMMON_ATTR and others dot attributes.
 # This tag requires that the tag HAVE_DOT is set to YES.
 
 DOT_FONTPATH           =
 
-# If the CLASS_GRAPH tag is set to YES (or GRAPH) then doxygen will generate a
-# graph for each documented class showing the direct and indirect inheritance
-# relations. In case HAVE_DOT is set as well dot will be used to draw the graph,
-# otherwise the built-in generator will be used. If the CLASS_GRAPH tag is set
-# to TEXT the direct and indirect inheritance relations will be shown as texts /
-# links.
-# Possible values are: NO, YES, TEXT and GRAPH.
+# If the CLASS_GRAPH tag is set to YES or GRAPH or BUILTIN then doxygen will
+# generate a graph for each documented class showing the direct and indirect
+# inheritance relations. In case the CLASS_GRAPH tag is set to YES or GRAPH and
+# HAVE_DOT is enabled as well, then dot will be used to draw the graph. In case
+# the CLASS_GRAPH tag is set to YES and HAVE_DOT is disabled or if the
+# CLASS_GRAPH tag is set to BUILTIN, then the built-in generator will be used.
+# If the CLASS_GRAPH tag is set to TEXT the direct and indirect inheritance
+# relations will be shown as texts / links.
+# Possible values are: NO, YES, TEXT, GRAPH and BUILTIN.
 # The default value is: YES.
 
 CLASS_GRAPH            = TEXT
@@ -2424,15 +2531,21 @@ CLASS_GRAPH            = TEXT
 # If the COLLABORATION_GRAPH tag is set to YES then doxygen will generate a
 # graph for each documented class showing the direct and indirect implementation
 # dependencies (inheritance, containment, and class references variables) of the
-# class with other documented classes.
+# class with other documented classes. Explicit enabling a collaboration graph,
+# when COLLABORATION_GRAPH is set to NO, can be accomplished by means of the
+# command \collaborationgraph. Disabling a collaboration graph can be
+# accomplished by means of the command \hidecollaborationgraph.
 # The default value is: YES.
 # This tag requires that the tag HAVE_DOT is set to YES.
 
 COLLABORATION_GRAPH    = YES
 
 # If the GROUP_GRAPHS tag is set to YES then doxygen will generate a graph for
-# groups, showing the direct groups dependencies. See also the chapter Grouping
-# in the manual.
+# groups, showing the direct groups dependencies. Explicit enabling a group
+# dependency graph, when GROUP_GRAPHS is set to NO, can be accomplished by means
+# of the command \groupgraph. Disabling a directory graph can be accomplished by
+# means of the command \hidegroupgraph. See also the chapter Grouping in the
+# manual.
 # The default value is: YES.
 # This tag requires that the tag HAVE_DOT is set to YES.
 
@@ -2492,7 +2605,9 @@ TEMPLATE_RELATIONS     = NO
 # If the INCLUDE_GRAPH, ENABLE_PREPROCESSING and SEARCH_INCLUDES tags are set to
 # YES then doxygen will generate a graph for each documented file showing the
 # direct and indirect include dependencies of the file with other documented
-# files.
+# files. Explicit enabling an include graph, when INCLUDE_GRAPH is is set to NO,
+# can be accomplished by means of the command \includegraph. Disabling an
+# include graph can be accomplished by means of the command \hideincludegraph.
 # The default value is: YES.
 # This tag requires that the tag HAVE_DOT is set to YES.
 
@@ -2501,7 +2616,10 @@ INCLUDE_GRAPH          = YES
 # If the INCLUDED_BY_GRAPH, ENABLE_PREPROCESSING and SEARCH_INCLUDES tags are
 # set to YES then doxygen will generate a graph for each documented file showing
 # the direct and indirect include dependencies of the file with other documented
-# files.
+# files. Explicit enabling an included by graph, when INCLUDED_BY_GRAPH is set
+# to NO, can be accomplished by means of the command \includedbygraph. Disabling
+# an included by graph can be accomplished by means of the command
+# \hideincludedbygraph.
 # The default value is: YES.
 # This tag requires that the tag HAVE_DOT is set to YES.
 
@@ -2541,7 +2659,10 @@ GRAPHICAL_HIERARCHY    = YES
 # If the DIRECTORY_GRAPH tag is set to YES then doxygen will show the
 # dependencies a directory has on other directories in a graphical way. The
 # dependency relations are determined by the #include relations between the
-# files in the directories.
+# files in the directories. Explicit enabling a directory graph, when
+# DIRECTORY_GRAPH is set to NO, can be accomplished by means of the command
+# \directorygraph. Disabling a directory graph can be accomplished by means of
+# the command \hidedirectorygraph.
 # The default value is: YES.
 # This tag requires that the tag HAVE_DOT is set to YES.
 
@@ -2557,7 +2678,7 @@ DIR_GRAPH_MAX_DEPTH    = 1
 # The DOT_IMAGE_FORMAT tag can be used to set the image format of the images
 # generated by dot. For an explanation of the image formats see the section
 # output formats in the documentation of the dot tool (Graphviz (see:
-# http://www.graphviz.org/)).
+# https://www.graphviz.org/)).
 # Note: If you choose svg you need to set HTML_FILE_EXTENSION to xhtml in order
 # to make the SVG files visible in IE 9+ (other browsers do not have this
 # requirement).
@@ -2595,11 +2716,12 @@ DOT_PATH               =
 
 DOTFILE_DIRS           =
 
-# The MSCFILE_DIRS tag can be used to specify one or more directories that
-# contain msc files that are included in the documentation (see the \mscfile
-# command).
+# You can include diagrams made with dia in doxygen documentation. Doxygen will
+# then run dia to produce the diagram and insert it in the documentation. The
+# DIA_PATH tag allows you to specify the directory where the dia binary resides.
+# If left empty dia is assumed to be found in the default search path.
 
-MSCFILE_DIRS           =
+DIA_PATH               =
 
 # The DIAFILE_DIRS tag can be used to specify one or more directories that
 # contain dia files that are included in the documentation (see the \diafile
@@ -2649,18 +2771,6 @@ DOT_GRAPH_MAX_NODES    = 50
 
 MAX_DOT_GRAPH_DEPTH    = 1000
 
-# Set the DOT_TRANSPARENT tag to YES to generate images with a transparent
-# background. This is disabled by default, because dot on Windows does not seem
-# to support this out of the box.
-#
-# Warning: Depending on the platform used, enabling this option may lead to
-# badly anti-aliased labels on the edges of a graph (i.e. they become hard to
-# read).
-# The default value is: NO.
-# This tag requires that the tag HAVE_DOT is set to YES.
-
-DOT_TRANSPARENT        = YES
-
 # Set the DOT_MULTI_TARGETS tag to YES to allow dot to generate multiple output
 # files in one run (i.e. multiple -o and -T options on the command line). This
 # makes dot run faster, but since only newer versions of dot (>1.8.10) support
@@ -2688,3 +2798,19 @@ GENERATE_LEGEND        = YES
 # The default value is: YES.
 
 DOT_CLEANUP            = YES
+
+# You can define message sequence charts within doxygen comments using the \msc
+# command. If the MSCGEN_TOOL tag is left empty (the default), then doxygen will
+# use a built-in version of mscgen tool to produce the charts. Alternatively,
+# the MSCGEN_TOOL tag can also specify the name an external tool. For instance,
+# specifying prog as the value, doxygen will call the tool as prog -T
+# <outfile_format> -o <outputfile> <inputfile>. The external tool should support
+# output file formats "png", "eps", "svg", and "ismap".
+
+MSCGEN_TOOL            =
+
+# The MSCFILE_DIRS tag can be used to specify one or more directories that
+# contain msc files that are included in the documentation (see the \mscfile
+# command).
+
+MSCFILE_DIRS           =

examples/2d_system/Makefile

@@ -1,5 +1,25 @@
-SUBDIRS:= `ls`
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: CC0-1.0
+#
+# SPDX-FileContributor: Antonio Niño Díaz, 2023-2024
+
+.PHONY: all clean
+
+MAKE	:= make
+
 all:
-	@for i in $(SUBDIRS); do if test -e $$i/Makefile ; then $(MAKE) -C $$i || { exit 1;} fi; done;
+	@for i in `ls`; do \
+		if test -e $$i/Makefile ; then \
+			cd $$i; \
+			$(MAKE) --no-print-directory || exit 1 ; \
+			cd ..; \
+		fi; \
+	done;
+
 clean:
-	@for i in $(SUBDIRS); do if test -e $$i/Makefile ; then $(MAKE)  -C $$i clean || { exit 1;} fi; done;
+	@for i in `ls`; do \
+		if test -e $$i/Makefile ; then \
+			cd $$i; \
+			$(MAKE) clean --no-print-directory || exit 1 ; \
+			cd ..; \
+		fi; \
+	done;

examples/2d_system/Makefile.blocksds

@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: CC0-1.0
-#
-# SPDX-FileContributor: Antonio Niño Díaz, 2023
-
-.PHONY: all clean
-
-MAKE	:= make
-
-all:
-	@for i in `ls`; do \
-		if test -e $$i/Makefile.blocksds ; then \
-			cd $$i; \
-			$(MAKE) -f Makefile.blocksds --no-print-directory || { exit 1;}; \
-			cd ..; \
-		fi; \
-	done;
-
-clean:
-	@for i in `ls`; do \
-		if test -e $$i/Makefile.blocksds ; then \
-			cd $$i; \
-			$(MAKE) -f Makefile.blocksds clean --no-print-directory || { exit 1;}; \
-			cd ..; \
-		fi; \
-	done;

examples/2d_system/gui/Makefile

@@ -1,220 +1,6 @@
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-.SUFFIXES:
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# This is a minimal makefile only used for the examples. If you want a makefile
+# for your project, take one from the templates inside examples/templates.
 
-ifeq ($(strip $(DEVKITARM)),)
-$(error "Please set DEVKITARM in your environment. export DEVKITARM=<path to>devkitARM")
-endif
+GFXDIRS := graphics
 
-include $(DEVKITARM)/ds_rules
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# TARGET is the name of the output
-# BUILD is the directory where object files & intermediate files will be placed
-# SOURCES is a list of directories containing source code
-# INCLUDES is a list of directories containing extra header files
-# DATA is a list of directories containing binary files embedded using bin2o
-# GRAPHICS is a list of directories containing image files to be converted with grit
-# AUDIO is a list of directories containing audio to be converted by maxmod
-# ICON is the image used to create the game icon, leave blank to use default rule
-# NITRO is a directory that will be accessible via NitroFS
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-TARGET   := $(shell basename $(CURDIR))
-BUILD    := build
-SOURCES  := source
-INCLUDES := include
-DATA     :=
-GRAPHICS := graphics
-AUDIO    :=
-ICON     :=
-
-# specify a directory which contains the nitro filesystem
-# this is relative to the Makefile
-NITRO    :=
-
-# These set the information text in the nds file
-GAME_TITLE     := $(shell basename $(CURDIR))
-GAME_SUBTITLE1 := Nitro Engine example
-GAME_SUBTITLE2 := github.com/AntonioND/nitro-engine
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# options for code generation
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-ARCH := -marm -mthumb-interwork -march=armv5te -mtune=arm946e-s
-
-CFLAGS   := -g -Wall -O3\
-            $(ARCH) $(INCLUDE) -DARM9
-CXXFLAGS := $(CFLAGS) -fno-rtti -fno-exceptions
-ASFLAGS  := -g $(ARCH)
-LDFLAGS   = -specs=ds_arm9.specs -g $(ARCH) -Wl,-Map,$(notdir $*.map)
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# any extra libraries we wish to link with the project (order is important)
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-LIBS := -lNE -lfat -lnds9
-
-# automatigically add libraries for NitroFS
-ifneq ($(strip $(NITRO)),)
-LIBS := -lfilesystem -lfat $(LIBS)
-endif
-# automagically add maxmod library
-ifneq ($(strip $(AUDIO)),)
-LIBS := -lmm9 $(LIBS)
-endif
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# list of directories containing libraries, this must be the top level containing
-# include and lib
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-LIBDIRS := $(LIBNDS) $(PORTLIBS) $(DEVKITPRO)/nitro-engine
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# no real need to edit anything past this point unless you need to add additional
-# rules for different file extensions
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-ifneq ($(BUILD),$(notdir $(CURDIR)))
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-export OUTPUT := $(CURDIR)/$(TARGET)
-
-export VPATH := $(CURDIR)/$(subst /,,$(dir $(ICON)))\
-                $(foreach dir,$(SOURCES),$(CURDIR)/$(dir))\
-                $(foreach dir,$(DATA),$(CURDIR)/$(dir))\
-                $(foreach dir,$(GRAPHICS),$(CURDIR)/$(dir))
-
-export DEPSDIR := $(CURDIR)/$(BUILD)
-
-CFILES   := $(foreach dir,$(SOURCES),$(notdir $(wildcard $(dir)/*.c)))
-CPPFILES := $(foreach dir,$(SOURCES),$(notdir $(wildcard $(dir)/*.cpp)))
-SFILES   := $(foreach dir,$(SOURCES),$(notdir $(wildcard $(dir)/*.s)))
-PNGFILES := $(foreach dir,$(GRAPHICS),$(notdir $(wildcard $(dir)/*.png)))
-BINFILES := $(foreach dir,$(DATA),$(notdir $(wildcard $(dir)/*.*)))
-
-# prepare NitroFS directory
-ifneq ($(strip $(NITRO)),)
-  export NITRO_FILES := $(CURDIR)/$(NITRO)
-endif
-
-# get audio list for maxmod
-ifneq ($(strip $(AUDIO)),)
-  export MODFILES	:=	$(foreach dir,$(notdir $(wildcard $(AUDIO)/*.*)),$(CURDIR)/$(AUDIO)/$(dir))
-
-  # place the soundbank file in NitroFS if using it
-  ifneq ($(strip $(NITRO)),)
-    export SOUNDBANK := $(NITRO_FILES)/soundbank.bin
-
-  # otherwise, needs to be loaded from memory
-  else
-    export SOUNDBANK := soundbank.bin
-    BINFILES += $(SOUNDBANK)
-  endif
-endif
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# use CXX for linking C++ projects, CC for standard C
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-ifeq ($(strip $(CPPFILES)),)
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-  export LD := $(CC)
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-else
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-  export LD := $(CXX)
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-endif
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-export OFILES_BIN   :=	$(addsuffix .o,$(BINFILES))
-
-export OFILES_SOURCES := $(CPPFILES:.cpp=.o) $(CFILES:.c=.o) $(SFILES:.s=.o)
-
-export OFILES := $(PNGFILES:.png=.o) $(OFILES_BIN) $(OFILES_SOURCES)
-
-export HFILES := $(PNGFILES:.png=.h) $(addsuffix .h,$(subst .,_,$(BINFILES)))
-
-export INCLUDE  := $(foreach dir,$(INCLUDES),-iquote $(CURDIR)/$(dir))\
-                   $(foreach dir,$(LIBDIRS),-I$(dir)/include)\
-                   -I$(CURDIR)/$(BUILD)
-export LIBPATHS := $(foreach dir,$(LIBDIRS),-L$(dir)/lib)
-
-ifeq ($(strip $(ICON)),)
-  icons := $(wildcard *.bmp)
-
-  ifneq (,$(findstring $(TARGET).bmp,$(icons)))
-    export GAME_ICON := $(CURDIR)/$(TARGET).bmp
-  else
-    ifneq (,$(findstring icon.bmp,$(icons)))
-      export GAME_ICON := $(CURDIR)/icon.bmp
-    endif
-  endif
-else
-  ifeq ($(suffix $(ICON)), .grf)
-    export GAME_ICON := $(CURDIR)/$(ICON)
-  else
-    export GAME_ICON := $(CURDIR)/$(BUILD)/$(notdir $(basename $(ICON))).grf
-  endif
-endif
-
-.PHONY: $(BUILD) clean
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-$(BUILD):
-	@mkdir -p $@
-	@$(MAKE) --no-print-directory -C $(BUILD) -f $(CURDIR)/Makefile
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-clean:
-	@echo clean ...
-	@rm -fr $(BUILD) $(TARGET).elf $(TARGET).nds $(SOUNDBANK)
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-else
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# main targets
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-$(OUTPUT).nds: $(OUTPUT).elf $(GAME_ICON)
-$(OUTPUT).elf: $(OFILES)
-
-# source files depend on generated headers
-$(OFILES_SOURCES) : $(HFILES)
-
-# need to build soundbank first
-$(OFILES): $(SOUNDBANK)
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# rule to build solution from music files
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-$(SOUNDBANK) : $(MODFILES)
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-	mmutil $^ -d -o$@ -hsoundbank.h
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-%.bin.o %_bin.h : %.bin
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-	@echo $(notdir $<)
-	@$(bin2o)
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# This rule creates assembly source files using grit
-# grit takes an image file and a .grit describing how the file is to be processed
-# add additional rules like this for each image extension
-# you use in the graphics folders
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-%.s %.h: %.png %.grit
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-	grit $< -fts -o$*
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Convert non-GRF game icon to GRF if needed
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-$(GAME_ICON): $(notdir $(ICON))
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-	@echo convert $(notdir $<)
-	@grit $< -g -gt -gB4 -gT FF00FF -m! -p -pe 16 -fh! -ftr
-
--include $(DEPSDIR)/*.d
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-endif
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+include ../../Makefile.example

examples/2d_system/gui/Makefile.blocksds

@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-# This is a minimal makefile only used for the examples. If you want a makefile
-# for your project, take one from the templates inside examples/templates.
-
-GFXDIRS := graphics
-
-include ../../Makefile.example.blocksds

examples/2d_system/gui/source/main.c

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: CC0-1.0
 //
-// SPDX-FileContributor: Antonio Niño Díaz, 2008-2011, 2019, 2022
+// SPDX-FileContributor: Antonio Niño Díaz, 2008-2022
 //
 // This file is part of Nitro Engine
 
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ void Draw3DScene(void)
     NE_GUIDraw();
 }
 
-int main(void)
+int main(int argc, char *argv[])
 {
     irqEnable(IRQ_HBLANK);
     irqSet(IRQ_VBLANK, NE_VBLFunc);

examples/2d_system/quad_texture_sizes/Makefile

@@ -1,220 +1,6 @@
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-.SUFFIXES:
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# This is a minimal makefile only used for the examples. If you want a makefile
+# for your project, take one from the templates inside examples/templates.
 
-ifeq ($(strip $(DEVKITARM)),)
-$(error "Please set DEVKITARM in your environment. export DEVKITARM=<path to>devkitARM")
-endif
+GFXDIRS := graphics
 
-include $(DEVKITARM)/ds_rules
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# TARGET is the name of the output
-# BUILD is the directory where object files & intermediate files will be placed
-# SOURCES is a list of directories containing source code
-# INCLUDES is a list of directories containing extra header files
-# DATA is a list of directories containing binary files embedded using bin2o
-# GRAPHICS is a list of directories containing image files to be converted with grit
-# AUDIO is a list of directories containing audio to be converted by maxmod
-# ICON is the image used to create the game icon, leave blank to use default rule
-# NITRO is a directory that will be accessible via NitroFS
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-TARGET   := $(shell basename $(CURDIR))
-BUILD    := build
-SOURCES  := source
-INCLUDES := include
-DATA     :=
-GRAPHICS := graphics
-AUDIO    :=
-ICON     :=
-
-# specify a directory which contains the nitro filesystem
-# this is relative to the Makefile
-NITRO    :=
-
-# These set the information text in the nds file
-GAME_TITLE     := $(shell basename $(CURDIR))
-GAME_SUBTITLE1 := Nitro Engine example
-GAME_SUBTITLE2 := github.com/AntonioND/nitro-engine
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# options for code generation
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-ARCH := -marm -mthumb-interwork -march=armv5te -mtune=arm946e-s
-
-CFLAGS   := -g -Wall -O3\
-            $(ARCH) $(INCLUDE) -DARM9
-CXXFLAGS := $(CFLAGS) -fno-rtti -fno-exceptions
-ASFLAGS  := -g $(ARCH)
-LDFLAGS   = -specs=ds_arm9.specs -g $(ARCH) -Wl,-Map,$(notdir $*.map)
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# any extra libraries we wish to link with the project (order is important)
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-LIBS := -lNE -lfat -lnds9
-
-# automatigically add libraries for NitroFS
-ifneq ($(strip $(NITRO)),)
-LIBS := -lfilesystem -lfat $(LIBS)
-endif
-# automagically add maxmod library
-ifneq ($(strip $(AUDIO)),)
-LIBS := -lmm9 $(LIBS)
-endif
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# list of directories containing libraries, this must be the top level containing
-# include and lib
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-LIBDIRS := $(LIBNDS) $(PORTLIBS) $(DEVKITPRO)/nitro-engine
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# no real need to edit anything past this point unless you need to add additional
-# rules for different file extensions
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-ifneq ($(BUILD),$(notdir $(CURDIR)))
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-export OUTPUT := $(CURDIR)/$(TARGET)
-
-export VPATH := $(CURDIR)/$(subst /,,$(dir $(ICON)))\
-                $(foreach dir,$(SOURCES),$(CURDIR)/$(dir))\
-                $(foreach dir,$(DATA),$(CURDIR)/$(dir))\
-                $(foreach dir,$(GRAPHICS),$(CURDIR)/$(dir))
-
-export DEPSDIR := $(CURDIR)/$(BUILD)
-
-CFILES   := $(foreach dir,$(SOURCES),$(notdir $(wildcard $(dir)/*.c)))
-CPPFILES := $(foreach dir,$(SOURCES),$(notdir $(wildcard $(dir)/*.cpp)))
-SFILES   := $(foreach dir,$(SOURCES),$(notdir $(wildcard $(dir)/*.s)))
-PNGFILES := $(foreach dir,$(GRAPHICS),$(notdir $(wildcard $(dir)/*.png)))
-BINFILES := $(foreach dir,$(DATA),$(notdir $(wildcard $(dir)/*.*)))
-
-# prepare NitroFS directory
-ifneq ($(strip $(NITRO)),)
-  export NITRO_FILES := $(CURDIR)/$(NITRO)
-endif
-
-# get audio list for maxmod
-ifneq ($(strip $(AUDIO)),)
-  export MODFILES	:=	$(foreach dir,$(notdir $(wildcard $(AUDIO)/*.*)),$(CURDIR)/$(AUDIO)/$(dir))
-
-  # place the soundbank file in NitroFS if using it
-  ifneq ($(strip $(NITRO)),)
-    export SOUNDBANK := $(NITRO_FILES)/soundbank.bin
-
-  # otherwise, needs to be loaded from memory
-  else
-    export SOUNDBANK := soundbank.bin
-    BINFILES += $(SOUNDBANK)
-  endif
-endif
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# use CXX for linking C++ projects, CC for standard C
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-ifeq ($(strip $(CPPFILES)),)
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-  export LD := $(CC)
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-else
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-  export LD := $(CXX)
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-endif
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-export OFILES_BIN   :=	$(addsuffix .o,$(BINFILES))
-
-export OFILES_SOURCES := $(CPPFILES:.cpp=.o) $(CFILES:.c=.o) $(SFILES:.s=.o)
-
-export OFILES := $(PNGFILES:.png=.o) $(OFILES_BIN) $(OFILES_SOURCES)
-
-export HFILES := $(PNGFILES:.png=.h) $(addsuffix .h,$(subst .,_,$(BINFILES)))
-
-export INCLUDE  := $(foreach dir,$(INCLUDES),-iquote $(CURDIR)/$(dir))\
-                   $(foreach dir,$(LIBDIRS),-I$(dir)/include)\
-                   -I$(CURDIR)/$(BUILD)
-export LIBPATHS := $(foreach dir,$(LIBDIRS),-L$(dir)/lib)
-
-ifeq ($(strip $(ICON)),)
-  icons := $(wildcard *.bmp)
-
-  ifneq (,$(findstring $(TARGET).bmp,$(icons)))
-    export GAME_ICON := $(CURDIR)/$(TARGET).bmp
-  else
-    ifneq (,$(findstring icon.bmp,$(icons)))
-      export GAME_ICON := $(CURDIR)/icon.bmp
-    endif
-  endif
-else
-  ifeq ($(suffix $(ICON)), .grf)
-    export GAME_ICON := $(CURDIR)/$(ICON)
-  else
-    export GAME_ICON := $(CURDIR)/$(BUILD)/$(notdir $(basename $(ICON))).grf
-  endif
-endif
-
-.PHONY: $(BUILD) clean
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-$(BUILD):
-	@mkdir -p $@
-	@$(MAKE) --no-print-directory -C $(BUILD) -f $(CURDIR)/Makefile
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-clean:
-	@echo clean ...
-	@rm -fr $(BUILD) $(TARGET).elf $(TARGET).nds $(SOUNDBANK)
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-else
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# main targets
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-$(OUTPUT).nds: $(OUTPUT).elf $(GAME_ICON)
-$(OUTPUT).elf: $(OFILES)
-
-# source files depend on generated headers
-$(OFILES_SOURCES) : $(HFILES)
-
-# need to build soundbank first
-$(OFILES): $(SOUNDBANK)
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# rule to build solution from music files
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-$(SOUNDBANK) : $(MODFILES)
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-	mmutil $^ -d -o$@ -hsoundbank.h
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-%.bin.o %_bin.h : %.bin
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-	@echo $(notdir $<)
-	@$(bin2o)
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# This rule creates assembly source files using grit
-# grit takes an image file and a .grit describing how the file is to be processed
-# add additional rules like this for each image extension
-# you use in the graphics folders
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-%.s %.h: %.png %.grit
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-	grit $< -fts -o$*
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Convert non-GRF game icon to GRF if needed
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-$(GAME_ICON): $(notdir $(ICON))
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-	@echo convert $(notdir $<)
-	@grit $< -g -gt -gB4 -gT FF00FF -m! -p -pe 16 -fh! -ftr
-
--include $(DEPSDIR)/*.d
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-endif
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+include ../../Makefile.example

examples/2d_system/quad_texture_sizes/Makefile.blocksds

@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-# This is a minimal makefile only used for the examples. If you want a makefile
-# for your project, take one from the templates inside examples/templates.
-
-GFXDIRS := graphics
-
-include ../../Makefile.example.blocksds

examples/2d_system/quad_texture_sizes/source/main.c

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: CC0-1.0
 //
-// SPDX-FileContributor: Antonio Niño Díaz, 2008-2011, 2019, 2022
+// SPDX-FileContributor: Antonio Niño Díaz, 2008-2024
 //
 // This file is part of Nitro Engine
 
@@ -18,11 +18,15 @@
 #include "s64.h"
 #include "s256.h"
 
-NE_Material *Material_s8, *Material_s16, *Material_s64, *Material_s256;
-NE_Palette *Palette_s8, *Palette_s16, *Palette_s64, *Palette_s256;
+typedef struct {
+    NE_Material *Material_s8, *Material_s16, *Material_s64, *Material_s256;
+    NE_Palette *Palette_s8, *Palette_s16, *Palette_s64, *Palette_s256;
+} SceneData;
 
-void Draw3DScene(void)
+void Draw3DScene(void *arg)
 {
+    SceneData *Scene = arg;
+
     NE_ClearColorSet(NE_DarkGray, 31, 63);
 
     NE_2DViewInit();
@@ -30,27 +34,29 @@ void Draw3DScene(void)
     // Texture scaled from 64x64 to 128x128
     NE_2DDrawTexturedQuad(10, 10,
                           10 + 128, 10 + 128,
-                          2, Material_s64);
+                          2, Scene->Material_s64);
 
     // Texture scaled from 8x8 to 32x32
     NE_2DDrawTexturedQuad(150, 10,
                           150 + 32, 10 + 32,
-                          0, Material_s8);
+                          0, Scene->Material_s8);
 
     // Texture not scaled
     NE_2DDrawTexturedQuad(160, 50,
                           160 + 64, 50 + 64,
-                          10, Material_s64);
+                          10, Scene->Material_s64);
 
 
     // Texture scaled from 16x16 to 64x64
     NE_2DDrawTexturedQuad(150, 120,
                           150 + 64, 120 + 64,
-                          1, Material_s16);
+                          1, Scene->Material_s16);
 }
 
-void Draw3DScene2(void)
+void Draw3DScene2(void *arg)
 {
+    SceneData *Scene = arg;
+
     NE_ClearColorSet(NE_Magenta, 31, 63);
 
     NE_2DViewInit();
@@ -58,55 +64,57 @@ void Draw3DScene2(void)
     // Texture not scaled
     NE_2DDrawTexturedQuad(-10, -70,
                           -10 + 256, -70 + 256,
-                          3, Material_s256);
+                          3, Scene->Material_s256);
 }
 
-int main(void)
+int main(int argc, char *argv[])
 {
+    SceneData Scene = { 0 };
+
     irqEnable(IRQ_HBLANK);
     irqSet(IRQ_VBLANK, NE_VBLFunc);
     irqSet(IRQ_HBLANK, NE_HBLFunc);
 
     NE_InitDual3D();
 
-    Material_s8 = NE_MaterialCreate();
-    Material_s16 = NE_MaterialCreate();
-    Material_s64 = NE_MaterialCreate();
-    Material_s256 = NE_MaterialCreate();
+    Scene.Material_s8 = NE_MaterialCreate();
+    Scene.Material_s16 = NE_MaterialCreate();
+    Scene.Material_s64 = NE_MaterialCreate();
+    Scene.Material_s256 = NE_MaterialCreate();
 
-    Palette_s8 = NE_PaletteCreate();
-    Palette_s16 = NE_PaletteCreate();
-    Palette_s64 = NE_PaletteCreate();
-    Palette_s256 = NE_PaletteCreate();
+    Scene.Palette_s8 = NE_PaletteCreate();
+    Scene.Palette_s16 = NE_PaletteCreate();
+    Scene.Palette_s64 = NE_PaletteCreate();
+    Scene.Palette_s256 = NE_PaletteCreate();
 
-    NE_MaterialTexLoad(Material_s8, NE_PAL16, 8, 8,
+    NE_MaterialTexLoad(Scene.Material_s8, NE_PAL16, 8, 8,
                        NE_TEXGEN_TEXCOORD | NE_TEXTURE_WRAP_S | NE_TEXTURE_WRAP_T,
                        s8Bitmap);
-    NE_MaterialTexLoad(Material_s16, NE_PAL16, 16, 16,
+    NE_MaterialTexLoad(Scene.Material_s16, NE_PAL16, 16, 16,
                        NE_TEXGEN_TEXCOORD | NE_TEXTURE_WRAP_S | NE_TEXTURE_WRAP_T,
                        s16Bitmap);
-    NE_MaterialTexLoad(Material_s64, NE_PAL16, 64, 64,
+    NE_MaterialTexLoad(Scene.Material_s64, NE_PAL16, 64, 64,
                        NE_TEXGEN_TEXCOORD | NE_TEXTURE_WRAP_S | NE_TEXTURE_WRAP_T,
                        s64Bitmap);
-    NE_MaterialTexLoad(Material_s256, NE_PAL16, 256, 256,
+    NE_MaterialTexLoad(Scene.Material_s256, NE_PAL16, 256, 256,
                        NE_TEXGEN_TEXCOORD | NE_TEXTURE_WRAP_S | NE_TEXTURE_WRAP_T,
                        s256Bitmap);
 
-    NE_PaletteLoad(Palette_s8, s8Pal, 16, NE_PAL16);
-    NE_PaletteLoad(Palette_s16, s16Pal, 16, NE_PAL16);
-    NE_PaletteLoad(Palette_s64, s64Pal, 16, NE_PAL16);
-    NE_PaletteLoad(Palette_s256, s256Pal, 16, NE_PAL16);
+    NE_PaletteLoad(Scene.Palette_s8, s8Pal, 16, NE_PAL16);
+    NE_PaletteLoad(Scene.Palette_s16, s16Pal, 16, NE_PAL16);
+    NE_PaletteLoad(Scene.Palette_s64, s64Pal, 16, NE_PAL16);
+    NE_PaletteLoad(Scene.Palette_s256, s256Pal, 16, NE_PAL16);
 
-    NE_MaterialSetPalette(Material_s8, Palette_s8);
-    NE_MaterialSetPalette(Material_s16, Palette_s16);
-    NE_MaterialSetPalette(Material_s64, Palette_s64);
-    NE_MaterialSetPalette(Material_s256, Palette_s256);
+    NE_MaterialSetPalette(Scene.Material_s8, Scene.Palette_s8);
+    NE_MaterialSetPalette(Scene.Material_s16, Scene.Palette_s16);
+    NE_MaterialSetPalette(Scene.Material_s64, Scene.Palette_s64);
+    NE_MaterialSetPalette(Scene.Material_s256, Scene.Palette_s256);
 
     while (1)
     {
         NE_WaitForVBL(0);
 
-        NE_ProcessDual(Draw3DScene, Draw3DScene2);
+        NE_ProcessDualArg(Draw3DScene, Draw3DScene2, &Scene, &Scene);
     }
 
     return 0;

examples/2d_system/quads/Makefile

@@ -1,220 +1,4 @@
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-.SUFFIXES:
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# This is a minimal makefile only used for the examples. If you want a makefile
+# for your project, take one from the templates inside examples/templates.
 
-ifeq ($(strip $(DEVKITARM)),)
-$(error "Please set DEVKITARM in your environment. export DEVKITARM=<path to>devkitARM")
-endif
-
-include $(DEVKITARM)/ds_rules
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# TARGET is the name of the output
-# BUILD is the directory where object files & intermediate files will be placed
-# SOURCES is a list of directories containing source code
-# INCLUDES is a list of directories containing extra header files
-# DATA is a list of directories containing binary files embedded using bin2o
-# GRAPHICS is a list of directories containing image files to be converted with grit
-# AUDIO is a list of directories containing audio to be converted by maxmod
-# ICON is the image used to create the game icon, leave blank to use default rule
-# NITRO is a directory that will be accessible via NitroFS
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-TARGET   := $(shell basename $(CURDIR))
-BUILD    := build
-SOURCES  := source
-INCLUDES := include
-DATA     := data
-GRAPHICS :=
-AUDIO    :=
-ICON     :=
-
-# specify a directory which contains the nitro filesystem
-# this is relative to the Makefile
-NITRO    :=
-
-# These set the information text in the nds file
-GAME_TITLE     := $(shell basename $(CURDIR))
-GAME_SUBTITLE1 := Nitro Engine example
-GAME_SUBTITLE2 := github.com/AntonioND/nitro-engine
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# options for code generation
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-ARCH := -marm -mthumb-interwork -march=armv5te -mtune=arm946e-s
-
-CFLAGS   := -g -Wall -O3\
-            $(ARCH) $(INCLUDE) -DARM9
-CXXFLAGS := $(CFLAGS) -fno-rtti -fno-exceptions
-ASFLAGS  := -g $(ARCH)
-LDFLAGS   = -specs=ds_arm9.specs -g $(ARCH) -Wl,-Map,$(notdir $*.map)
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# any extra libraries we wish to link with the project (order is important)
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-LIBS := -lNE -lfat -lnds9
-
-# automatigically add libraries for NitroFS
-ifneq ($(strip $(NITRO)),)
-LIBS := -lfilesystem -lfat $(LIBS)
-endif
-# automagically add maxmod library
-ifneq ($(strip $(AUDIO)),)
-LIBS := -lmm9 $(LIBS)
-endif
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# list of directories containing libraries, this must be the top level containing
-# include and lib
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-LIBDIRS := $(LIBNDS) $(PORTLIBS) $(DEVKITPRO)/nitro-engine
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# no real need to edit anything past this point unless you need to add additional
-# rules for different file extensions
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-ifneq ($(BUILD),$(notdir $(CURDIR)))
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-export OUTPUT := $(CURDIR)/$(TARGET)
-
-export VPATH := $(CURDIR)/$(subst /,,$(dir $(ICON)))\
-                $(foreach dir,$(SOURCES),$(CURDIR)/$(dir))\
-                $(foreach dir,$(DATA),$(CURDIR)/$(dir))\
-                $(foreach dir,$(GRAPHICS),$(CURDIR)/$(dir))
-
-export DEPSDIR := $(CURDIR)/$(BUILD)
-
-CFILES   := $(foreach dir,$(SOURCES),$(notdir $(wildcard $(dir)/*.c)))
-CPPFILES := $(foreach dir,$(SOURCES),$(notdir $(wildcard $(dir)/*.cpp)))
-SFILES   := $(foreach dir,$(SOURCES),$(notdir $(wildcard $(dir)/*.s)))
-PNGFILES := $(foreach dir,$(GRAPHICS),$(notdir $(wildcard $(dir)/*.png)))
-BINFILES := $(foreach dir,$(DATA),$(notdir $(wildcard $(dir)/*.*)))
-
-# prepare NitroFS directory
-ifneq ($(strip $(NITRO)),)
-  export NITRO_FILES := $(CURDIR)/$(NITRO)
-endif
-
-# get audio list for maxmod
-ifneq ($(strip $(AUDIO)),)
-  export MODFILES	:=	$(foreach dir,$(notdir $(wildcard $(AUDIO)/*.*)),$(CURDIR)/$(AUDIO)/$(dir))
-
-  # place the soundbank file in NitroFS if using it
-  ifneq ($(strip $(NITRO)),)
-    export SOUNDBANK := $(NITRO_FILES)/soundbank.bin
-
-  # otherwise, needs to be loaded from memory
-  else
-    export SOUNDBANK := soundbank.bin
-    BINFILES += $(SOUNDBANK)
-  endif
-endif
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# use CXX for linking C++ projects, CC for standard C
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-ifeq ($(strip $(CPPFILES)),)
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-  export LD := $(CC)
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-else
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-  export LD := $(CXX)
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-endif
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-export OFILES_BIN   :=	$(addsuffix .o,$(BINFILES))
-
-export OFILES_SOURCES := $(CPPFILES:.cpp=.o) $(CFILES:.c=.o) $(SFILES:.s=.o)
-
-export OFILES := $(PNGFILES:.png=.o) $(OFILES_BIN) $(OFILES_SOURCES)
-
-export HFILES := $(PNGFILES:.png=.h) $(addsuffix .h,$(subst .,_,$(BINFILES)))
-
-export INCLUDE  := $(foreach dir,$(INCLUDES),-iquote $(CURDIR)/$(dir))\
-                   $(foreach dir,$(LIBDIRS),-I$(dir)/include)\
-                   -I$(CURDIR)/$(BUILD)
-export LIBPATHS := $(foreach dir,$(LIBDIRS),-L$(dir)/lib)
-
-ifeq ($(strip $(ICON)),)
-  icons := $(wildcard *.bmp)
-
-  ifneq (,$(findstring $(TARGET).bmp,$(icons)))
-    export GAME_ICON := $(CURDIR)/$(TARGET).bmp
-  else
-    ifneq (,$(findstring icon.bmp,$(icons)))
-      export GAME_ICON := $(CURDIR)/icon.bmp
-    endif
-  endif
-else
-  ifeq ($(suffix $(ICON)), .grf)
-    export GAME_ICON := $(CURDIR)/$(ICON)
-  else
-    export GAME_ICON := $(CURDIR)/$(BUILD)/$(notdir $(basename $(ICON))).grf
-  endif
-endif
-
-.PHONY: $(BUILD) clean
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-$(BUILD):
-	@mkdir -p $@
-	@$(MAKE) --no-print-directory -C $(BUILD) -f $(CURDIR)/Makefile
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-clean:
-	@echo clean ...
-	@rm -fr $(BUILD) $(TARGET).elf $(TARGET).nds $(SOUNDBANK)
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-else
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# main targets
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-$(OUTPUT).nds: $(OUTPUT).elf $(GAME_ICON)
-$(OUTPUT).elf: $(OFILES)
-
-# source files depend on generated headers
-$(OFILES_SOURCES) : $(HFILES)
-
-# need to build soundbank first
-$(OFILES): $(SOUNDBANK)
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# rule to build solution from music files
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-$(SOUNDBANK) : $(MODFILES)
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-	mmutil $^ -d -o$@ -hsoundbank.h
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-%.bin.o %_bin.h : %.bin
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-	@echo $(notdir $<)
-	@$(bin2o)
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# This rule creates assembly source files using grit
-# grit takes an image file and a .grit describing how the file is to be processed
-# add additional rules like this for each image extension
-# you use in the graphics folders
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-%.s %.h: %.png %.grit
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-	grit $< -fts -o$*
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Convert non-GRF game icon to GRF if needed
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-$(GAME_ICON): $(notdir $(ICON))
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-	@echo convert $(notdir $<)
-	@grit $< -g -gt -gB4 -gT FF00FF -m! -p -pe 16 -fh! -ftr
-
--include $(DEPSDIR)/*.d
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-endif
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+include ../../Makefile.example

examples/2d_system/quads/Makefile.blocksds

@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-# This is a minimal makefile only used for the examples. If you want a makefile
-# for your project, take one from the templates inside examples/templates.
-
-include ../../Makefile.example.blocksds

examples/2d_system/quads/source/main.c

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: CC0-1.0
 //
-// SPDX-FileContributor: Antonio Niño Díaz, 2008-2011, 2019, 2022
+// SPDX-FileContributor: Antonio Niño Díaz, 2008-2024
 //
 // This file is part of Nitro Engine
 
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ typedef struct {
 
 quad_t Quad[NUM_QUADS];
 
-uint32_t kheld;
+bool enable_alpha = false;
 
 void UpdateQuads(void)
 {
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ void Draw3DScene(void)
         if (!Quad[i].enabled)
             continue;
 
-        if (kheld & KEY_A)
+        if (enable_alpha)
             NE_PolyFormat(Quad[i].alpha, Quad[i].id, 0, NE_CULL_NONE, 0);
 
         NE_2DDrawQuad(Quad[i].x1, Quad[i].y1, Quad[i].x2, Quad[i].y2, i,
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ void Draw3DScene(void)
     }
 }
 
-int main(void)
+int main(int argc, char *argv[])
 {
     irqEnable(IRQ_HBLANK);
     irqSet(IRQ_VBLANK, NE_VBLFunc);
@@ -83,7 +83,11 @@ int main(void)
         NE_WaitForVBL(0);
 
         scanKeys();
-        kheld = keysHeld();
+        uint16_t kheld = keysHeld();
+        if (kheld & KEY_A)
+            enable_alpha = true;
+        else
+            enable_alpha = false;
 
         UpdateQuads();
 

examples/2d_system/sprites/Makefile

@@ -1,220 +1,6 @@
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-.SUFFIXES:
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# This is a minimal makefile only used for the examples. If you want a makefile
+# for your project, take one from the templates inside examples/templates.
 
-ifeq ($(strip $(DEVKITARM)),)
-$(error "Please set DEVKITARM in your environment. export DEVKITARM=<path to>devkitARM")
-endif
+GFXDIRS	:= graphics
 
-include $(DEVKITARM)/ds_rules
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# TARGET is the name of the output
-# BUILD is the directory where object files & intermediate files will be placed
-# SOURCES is a list of directories containing source code
-# INCLUDES is a list of directories containing extra header files
-# DATA is a list of directories containing binary files embedded using bin2o
-# GRAPHICS is a list of directories containing image files to be converted with grit
-# AUDIO is a list of directories containing audio to be converted by maxmod
-# ICON is the image used to create the game icon, leave blank to use default rule
-# NITRO is a directory that will be accessible via NitroFS
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-TARGET   := $(shell basename $(CURDIR))
-BUILD    := build
-SOURCES  := source
-INCLUDES := include
-DATA     :=
-GRAPHICS := graphics
-AUDIO    :=
-ICON     :=
-
-# specify a directory which contains the nitro filesystem
-# this is relative to the Makefile
-NITRO    :=
-
-# These set the information text in the nds file
-GAME_TITLE     := $(shell basename $(CURDIR))
-GAME_SUBTITLE1 := Nitro Engine example
-GAME_SUBTITLE2 := github.com/AntonioND/nitro-engine
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# options for code generation
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-ARCH := -marm -mthumb-interwork -march=armv5te -mtune=arm946e-s
-
-CFLAGS   := -g -Wall -O3\
-            $(ARCH) $(INCLUDE) -DARM9
-CXXFLAGS := $(CFLAGS) -fno-rtti -fno-exceptions
-ASFLAGS  := -g $(ARCH)
-LDFLAGS   = -specs=ds_arm9.specs -g $(ARCH) -Wl,-Map,$(notdir $*.map)
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# any extra libraries we wish to link with the project (order is important)
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-LIBS := -lNE -lfat -lnds9
-
-# automatigically add libraries for NitroFS
-ifneq ($(strip $(NITRO)),)
-LIBS := -lfilesystem -lfat $(LIBS)
-endif
-# automagically add maxmod library
-ifneq ($(strip $(AUDIO)),)
-LIBS := -lmm9 $(LIBS)
-endif
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# list of directories containing libraries, this must be the top level containing
-# include and lib
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-LIBDIRS := $(LIBNDS) $(PORTLIBS) $(DEVKITPRO)/nitro-engine
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# no real need to edit anything past this point unless you need to add additional
-# rules for different file extensions
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-ifneq ($(BUILD),$(notdir $(CURDIR)))
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-export OUTPUT := $(CURDIR)/$(TARGET)
-
-export VPATH := $(CURDIR)/$(subst /,,$(dir $(ICON)))\
-                $(foreach dir,$(SOURCES),$(CURDIR)/$(dir))\
-                $(foreach dir,$(DATA),$(CURDIR)/$(dir))\
-                $(foreach dir,$(GRAPHICS),$(CURDIR)/$(dir))
-
-export DEPSDIR := $(CURDIR)/$(BUILD)
-
-CFILES   := $(foreach dir,$(SOURCES),$(notdir $(wildcard $(dir)/*.c)))
-CPPFILES := $(foreach dir,$(SOURCES),$(notdir $(wildcard $(dir)/*.cpp)))
-SFILES   := $(foreach dir,$(SOURCES),$(notdir $(wildcard $(dir)/*.s)))
-PNGFILES := $(foreach dir,$(GRAPHICS),$(notdir $(wildcard $(dir)/*.png)))
-BINFILES := $(foreach dir,$(DATA),$(notdir $(wildcard $(dir)/*.*)))
-
-# prepare NitroFS directory
-ifneq ($(strip $(NITRO)),)
-  export NITRO_FILES := $(CURDIR)/$(NITRO)
-endif
-
-# get audio list for maxmod
-ifneq ($(strip $(AUDIO)),)
-  export MODFILES	:=	$(foreach dir,$(notdir $(wildcard $(AUDIO)/*.*)),$(CURDIR)/$(AUDIO)/$(dir))
-
-  # place the soundbank file in NitroFS if using it
-  ifneq ($(strip $(NITRO)),)
-    export SOUNDBANK := $(NITRO_FILES)/soundbank.bin
-
-  # otherwise, needs to be loaded from memory
-  else
-    export SOUNDBANK := soundbank.bin
-    BINFILES += $(SOUNDBANK)
-  endif
-endif
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# use CXX for linking C++ projects, CC for standard C
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-ifeq ($(strip $(CPPFILES)),)
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-  export LD := $(CC)
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-else
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-  export LD := $(CXX)
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-endif
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-export OFILES_BIN   :=	$(addsuffix .o,$(BINFILES))
-
-export OFILES_SOURCES := $(CPPFILES:.cpp=.o) $(CFILES:.c=.o) $(SFILES:.s=.o)
-
-export OFILES := $(PNGFILES:.png=.o) $(OFILES_BIN) $(OFILES_SOURCES)
-
-export HFILES := $(PNGFILES:.png=.h) $(addsuffix .h,$(subst .,_,$(BINFILES)))
-
-export INCLUDE  := $(foreach dir,$(INCLUDES),-iquote $(CURDIR)/$(dir))\
-                   $(foreach dir,$(LIBDIRS),-I$(dir)/include)\
-                   -I$(CURDIR)/$(BUILD)
-export LIBPATHS := $(foreach dir,$(LIBDIRS),-L$(dir)/lib)
-
-ifeq ($(strip $(ICON)),)
-  icons := $(wildcard *.bmp)
-
-  ifneq (,$(findstring $(TARGET).bmp,$(icons)))
-    export GAME_ICON := $(CURDIR)/$(TARGET).bmp
-  else
-    ifneq (,$(findstring icon.bmp,$(icons)))
-      export GAME_ICON := $(CURDIR)/icon.bmp
-    endif
-  endif
-else
-  ifeq ($(suffix $(ICON)), .grf)
-    export GAME_ICON := $(CURDIR)/$(ICON)
-  else
-    export GAME_ICON := $(CURDIR)/$(BUILD)/$(notdir $(basename $(ICON))).grf
-  endif
-endif
-
-.PHONY: $(BUILD) clean
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-$(BUILD):
-	@mkdir -p $@
-	@$(MAKE) --no-print-directory -C $(BUILD) -f $(CURDIR)/Makefile
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-clean:
-	@echo clean ...
-	@rm -fr $(BUILD) $(TARGET).elf $(TARGET).nds $(SOUNDBANK)
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-else
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# main targets
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-$(OUTPUT).nds: $(OUTPUT).elf $(GAME_ICON)
-$(OUTPUT).elf: $(OFILES)
-
-# source files depend on generated headers
-$(OFILES_SOURCES) : $(HFILES)
-
-# need to build soundbank first
-$(OFILES): $(SOUNDBANK)
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# rule to build solution from music files
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-$(SOUNDBANK) : $(MODFILES)
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-	mmutil $^ -d -o$@ -hsoundbank.h
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-%.bin.o %_bin.h : %.bin
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-	@echo $(notdir $<)
-	@$(bin2o)
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# This rule creates assembly source files using grit
-# grit takes an image file and a .grit describing how the file is to be processed
-# add additional rules like this for each image extension
-# you use in the graphics folders
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-%.s %.h: %.png %.grit
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-	grit $< -fts -o$*
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Convert non-GRF game icon to GRF if needed
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-$(GAME_ICON): $(notdir $(ICON))
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-	@echo convert $(notdir $<)
-	@grit $< -g -gt -gB4 -gT FF00FF -m! -p -pe 16 -fh! -ftr
-
--include $(DEPSDIR)/*.d
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-endif
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+include ../../Makefile.example

examples/2d_system/sprites/Makefile.blocksds

@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-# This is a minimal makefile only used for the examples. If you want a makefile
-# for your project, take one from the templates inside examples/templates.
-
-GFXDIRS	:= graphics
-
-include ../../Makefile.example.blocksds

examples/2d_system/sprites/graphics/assets.grit

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+# 256 color palette
+-gx -gb -gB8 -gTFF00FF

examples/2d_system/sprites/graphics/assets.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+This file is derived from:
+
+Name:    Ancient ruins pixel art
+License: CC-BY 3.0
+Author:  CraftPix.net 2D Game Assets
+
+https://opengameart.org/content/ancient-ruins-pixel-art

examples/2d_system/sprites/source/main.c

@@ -1,73 +1,116 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: CC0-1.0
 //
-// SPDX-FileContributor: Antonio Niño Díaz, 2008-2011, 2019, 2022
+// SPDX-FileContributor: Antonio Niño Díaz, 2008-2024
 //
 // This file is part of Nitro Engine
 
 #include <NEMain.h>
 
+#include "assets.h"
 #include "icon.h"
 
-NE_Material *Material;
-NE_Palette *Palette;
-NE_Sprite *Sprite[4];
+NE_Sprite *Sprite[6];
 
-void Draw3DScene(void)
+void Draw3DScene1(void)
 {
     NE_2DViewInit();
-    NE_SpriteDrawAll();
+
+    NE_ClearColorSet(NE_White, 31, 63);
+
+    NE_SpriteDraw(Sprite[3]);
+    NE_SpriteDraw(Sprite[4]);
+    NE_SpriteDraw(Sprite[5]);
 }
 
-int main(void)
+void Draw3DScene2(void)
+{
+    NE_2DViewInit();
+
+    NE_ClearColorSet(NE_Gray, 31, 63);
+
+    NE_SpriteDraw(Sprite[0]);
+    NE_SpriteDraw(Sprite[1]);
+    NE_SpriteDraw(Sprite[2]);
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[])
 {
     irqEnable(IRQ_HBLANK);
     irqSet(IRQ_VBLANK, NE_VBLFunc);
     irqSet(IRQ_HBLANK, NE_HBLFunc);
 
-    NE_Init3D();
-    NE_SwapScreens();
+    NE_InitDual3D();
+    NE_InitConsole();
 
-    Material = NE_MaterialCreate();
-    Palette = NE_PaletteCreate();
+    NE_Material *MaterialIcon = NE_MaterialCreate();
+    NE_Palette *PaletteIcon = NE_PaletteCreate();
 
-    NE_MaterialTexLoad(Material, NE_PAL16, 128, 128, NE_TEXGEN_TEXCOORD,
+    NE_MaterialTexLoad(MaterialIcon, NE_PAL16, 128, 128,
+                       NE_TEXGEN_TEXCOORD | NE_TEXTURE_COLOR0_TRANSPARENT,
                        iconBitmap);
-    NE_PaletteLoad(Palette, iconPal, 32, NE_PAL16);
-    NE_MaterialSetPalette(Material, Palette);
+    NE_PaletteLoad(PaletteIcon, iconPal, iconPalLen / 2, NE_PAL16);
+    NE_MaterialSetPalette(MaterialIcon, PaletteIcon);
 
+    NE_Material *MaterialAssets = NE_MaterialCreate();
+    NE_Palette *PaletteAssets = NE_PaletteCreate();
 
-    NE_ClearColorSet(NE_Gray, 31, 63);
+    NE_MaterialTexLoad(MaterialAssets, NE_PAL256, 512, 256,
+                       NE_TEXGEN_TEXCOORD | NE_TEXTURE_COLOR0_TRANSPARENT,
+                       assetsBitmap);
+    NE_PaletteLoad(PaletteAssets, assetsPal, assetsPalLen / 2, NE_PAL16);
+    NE_MaterialSetPalette(MaterialAssets, PaletteAssets);
 
     Sprite[0] = NE_SpriteCreate();
     Sprite[1] = NE_SpriteCreate();
     Sprite[2] = NE_SpriteCreate();
     Sprite[3] = NE_SpriteCreate();
+    Sprite[4] = NE_SpriteCreate();
+    Sprite[5] = NE_SpriteCreate();
 
-    NE_SpriteSetPos(Sprite[0], 0, 0);
-    NE_SpriteSetSize(Sprite[0], 128, 128);
+    // Sprite with the same size as the texture
+    NE_SpriteSetMaterial(Sprite[0], MaterialIcon);
+    NE_SpriteSetPos(Sprite[0], 10, 40);
     NE_SpriteSetPriority(Sprite[0], 10);
-    NE_SpriteSetMaterial(Sprite[0], Material);
 
+    // Sprite with a different size than the texture (scaled down) and a
+    // different color
+    NE_SpriteSetMaterial(Sprite[1], MaterialIcon);
     NE_SpriteSetPos(Sprite[1], 114, 32);
-    NE_SpriteSetSize(Sprite[1], 56, 56);
     NE_SpriteSetPriority(Sprite[1], 5);
     NE_SpriteSetParams(Sprite[1], 15, 1, NE_Green);
-    NE_SpriteSetMaterial(Sprite[1], Material);
+    NE_SpriteSetSize(Sprite[1], 56, 56);
 
+    // Sprite with a different size than the texture (scaled down), and with
+    // transparency.
+    NE_SpriteSetMaterial(Sprite[2], MaterialIcon);
     NE_SpriteSetPos(Sprite[2], 100, 50);
-    NE_SpriteSetSize(Sprite[2], 56, 56);
     NE_SpriteSetPriority(Sprite[2], 1);
-    NE_SpriteSetMaterial(Sprite[2], Material);
     NE_SpriteSetParams(Sprite[2], 15, 2, NE_White);
+    NE_SpriteSetSize(Sprite[2], 56, 56);
 
-    NE_SpriteSetPos(Sprite[3], 256 - 64, 192 - 64);
-    NE_SpriteSetSize(Sprite[3], 64, 64);
-    NE_SpriteSetPriority(Sprite[3], 12);
-    NE_SpriteSetMaterial(Sprite[3], Material);
+    // The following sprites will only use a small part of the texture
+
+    NE_SpriteSetMaterial(Sprite[3], MaterialAssets);
+    NE_SpriteSetPos(Sprite[3], 50, 60);
+    NE_SpriteSetMaterialCanvas(Sprite[3], 384, 0, 484, 118);
+    NE_SpriteSetSize(Sprite[3], 484 - 384, 118 - 0);
+
+    NE_SpriteSetMaterial(Sprite[4], MaterialAssets);
+    NE_SpriteSetPos(Sprite[4], 0, 0);
+    NE_SpriteSetMaterialCanvas(Sprite[4], 73, 0, 152, 75);
+    NE_SpriteSetSize(Sprite[4], 152 - 73, 75 - 0);
+
+    NE_SpriteSetMaterial(Sprite[5], MaterialAssets);
+    NE_SpriteSetPos(Sprite[5], 170, 20);
+    NE_SpriteSetMaterialCanvas(Sprite[5], 0, 77, 72, 175);
+    NE_SpriteSetSize(Sprite[5], 72 - 0, 175 - 77);
 
     int rot = 0;
     int x = 100, y = 50;
 
+    printf("PAD:   Move\n");
+    printf("START: Exit to loader\n");
+
     while (1)
     {
         NE_WaitForVBL(0);
@@ -87,9 +130,12 @@ int main(void)
         if (keys & KEY_LEFT)
             x--;
 
+        if (keys & KEY_START)
+            break;
+
         NE_SpriteSetPos(Sprite[2], x, y);
 
-        NE_Process(Draw3DScene);
+        NE_ProcessDual(Draw3DScene1, Draw3DScene2);
     }
 
     return 0;

examples/Makefile

@@ -1,20 +1,28 @@
-SUBDIRS:= $(shell ls)
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: CC0-1.0
+#
+# SPDX-FileContributor: Antonio Niño Díaz, 2023-2024
 
-#-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-all: examples
-#-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-	@rm -fr build-all
+.PHONY: all clean
+
+MAKE	:= make
+
+all:
+	@for i in `ls`; do \
+		if test -e $$i/Makefile ; then \
+			cd $$i; \
+			$(MAKE) --no-print-directory || exit 1 ; \
+			cd ..; \
+		fi; \
+	done;
 	@mkdir -p build-all
 	@find . -name "*.nds" -not -path build-all -exec cp -fv {} build-all \;
 
-# TODO: The previous target tries to copy the files from build-all into
-# themselves. Exclude them correctly.
-
-examples:
-	@for i in $(SUBDIRS); do if test -e $$i/Makefile ; then $(MAKE) -C $$i || { exit 1;} fi; done;
-
-#-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 clean:
-#-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+	@for i in `ls`; do \
+		if test -e $$i/Makefile ; then \
+			cd $$i; \
+			$(MAKE) clean --no-print-directory || exit 1 ; \
+			cd ..; \
+		fi; \
+	done;
 	@rm -fr build-all
-	@for i in $(SUBDIRS); do if test -e $$i/Makefile ; then $(MAKE)  -C $$i clean || { exit 1;} fi; done;

examples/Makefile.blocksds

@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: CC0-1.0
-#
-# SPDX-FileContributor: Antonio Niño Díaz, 2023
-
-.PHONY: all clean
-
-MAKE	:= make
-
-all:
-	@for i in `ls`; do \
-		if test -e $$i/Makefile.blocksds ; then \
-			$(MAKE) -C $$i -f Makefile.blocksds --no-print-directory || { exit 1;} \
-		fi; \
-	done;
-	@rm -fr build-all
-	@mkdir -p build-all
-	@find . -name "*.nds" -not -path build-all -exec cp -fv {} build-all \;
-
-clean:
-	@for i in `ls`; do \
-		if test -e $$i/Makefile.blocksds ; then \
-			$(MAKE) -C $$i -f Makefile.blocksds clean --no-print-directory || { exit 1;} \
-		fi; \
-	done;
-	@rm -fr build-all

examples/Makefile.example

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: CC0-1.0
 #
-# SPDX-FileContributor: Antonio Niño Díaz, 2023
+# SPDX-FileContributor: Antonio Niño Díaz, 2023-2024
 
 export BLOCKSDS			?= /opt/blocksds/core
 export BLOCKSDSEXT		?= /opt/blocksds/external
@@ -51,18 +51,18 @@ LIBDIRS		+= $(BLOCKSDSEXT)/nitro-engine \
 # Build artifacts
 # ---------------
 
-BUILDDIR	:= build
+BUILDDIR	:= build/$(NAME)
 ELF		:= build/$(NAME).elf
 DUMP		:= build/$(NAME).dump
 MAP		:= build/$(NAME).map
 ROM		:= $(NAME).nds
 
-# If NITROFSDIR is set, the output of mmutil will be placed in that directory
+# If NITROFSDIR is set, the soundbank created by mmutil will be saved to NitroFS
 SOUNDBANKINFODIR	:= $(BUILDDIR)/maxmod
 ifeq ($(strip $(NITROFSDIR)),)
     SOUNDBANKDIR	:= $(BUILDDIR)/maxmod
 else
-    SOUNDBANKDIR	:= $(NITROFSDIR)
+    SOUNDBANKDIR	:= $(BUILDDIR)/maxmod_nitrofs
 endif
 
 # Tools
@@ -71,6 +71,7 @@ endif
 PREFIX		:= $(ARM_NONE_EABI_PATH)arm-none-eabi-
 CC		:= $(PREFIX)gcc
 CXX		:= $(PREFIX)g++
+LD		:= $(PREFIX)gcc
 OBJDUMP		:= $(PREFIX)objdump
 MKDIR		:= mkdir
 RM		:= rm -rf
@@ -116,10 +117,8 @@ SPECS		:= $(BLOCKSDS)/sys/crts/ds_arm9.specs
 WARNFLAGS	:= -Wall
 
 ifeq ($(SOURCES_CPP),)
-	LD	:= $(CC)
 	LIBS	+= -lc
 else
-	LD	:= $(CXX)
 	LIBS	+= -lstdc++ -lc
 endif
 
@@ -132,16 +131,16 @@ ASFLAGS		+= -x assembler-with-cpp $(INCLUDEFLAGS) $(DEFINES) \
 		   $(ARCH) -ffunction-sections -fdata-sections \
 		   -specs=$(SPECS)
 
-CFLAGS		+= -std=gnu11 $(WARNFLAGS) $(INCLUDEFLAGS) $(DEFINES) \
+CFLAGS		+= -std=gnu17 $(WARNFLAGS) $(INCLUDEFLAGS) $(DEFINES) \
 		   $(ARCH) -O2 -ffunction-sections -fdata-sections \
 		   -specs=$(SPECS)
 
-CXXFLAGS	+= -std=gnu++14 $(WARNFLAGS) $(INCLUDEFLAGS) $(DEFINES) \
+CXXFLAGS	+= -std=gnu++17 $(WARNFLAGS) $(INCLUDEFLAGS) $(DEFINES) \
 		   $(ARCH) -O2 -ffunction-sections -fdata-sections \
 		   -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti \
 		   -specs=$(SPECS)
 
-LDFLAGS		:= $(ARCH) $(LIBDIRSFLAGS) -Wl,-Map,$(MAP) \
+LDFLAGS		:= $(ARCH) $(LIBDIRSFLAGS) -Wl,-Map,$(MAP) $(DEFINES) \
 		   -Wl,--start-group $(LIBS) -Wl,--end-group -specs=$(SPECS)
 
 # Intermediate build files
@@ -179,6 +178,10 @@ ifneq ($(strip $(NITROFSDIR)),)
 # Additional arguments for ndstool
 NDSTOOL_ARGS	:= -d $(NITROFSDIR)
 
+ifneq ($(SOURCES_AUDIO),)
+    NDSTOOL_ARGS	+= -d $(SOUNDBANKDIR)
+endif
+
 # Make the NDS ROM depend on the filesystem only if it is needed
 $(ROM): $(NITROFSDIR)
 endif
@@ -209,8 +212,7 @@ dump: $(DUMP)
 
 clean:
 	@echo "  CLEAN"
-	$(V)$(RM) $(ROM) $(DUMP) $(BUILDDIR) $(SDIMAGE) \
-		$(SOUNDBANKDIR)/soundbank.bin
+	$(V)$(RM) $(ROM) $(DUMP) build $(SDIMAGE)
 
 sdimage:
 	@echo "  MKFATIMG $(SDIMAGE) $(SDROOT)"
@@ -260,12 +262,14 @@ $(BUILDDIR)/%.png.o $(BUILDDIR)/%.h : %.png %.grit
 	@$(MKDIR) -p $(@D)
 	$(V)$(BLOCKSDS)/tools/grit/grit $< -ftc -W1 -o$(BUILDDIR)/$*
 	$(V)$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -MMD -MP -c -o $(BUILDDIR)/$*.png.o $(BUILDDIR)/$*.c
+	$(V)touch $(BUILDDIR)/$*.png.o $(BUILDDIR)/$*.h
 
 ifneq ($(SOURCES_AUDIO),)
 
 $(SOUNDBANKINFODIR)/soundbank.h: $(SOURCES_AUDIO)
 	@echo "  MMUTIL  $^"
-	@$(MKDIR) -p $(@D)
+	@$(MKDIR) -p $(SOUNDBANKDIR)
+	@$(MKDIR) -p $(SOUNDBANKINFODIR)
 	@$(BLOCKSDS)/tools/mmutil/mmutil $^ -d \
 		-o$(SOUNDBANKDIR)/soundbank.bin -h$(SOUNDBANKINFODIR)/soundbank.h
 

examples/effects/Makefile

@@ -1,5 +1,25 @@
-SUBDIRS:= `ls`
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: CC0-1.0
+#
+# SPDX-FileContributor: Antonio Niño Díaz, 2023-2024
+
+.PHONY: all clean
+
+MAKE	:= make
+
 all:
-	@for i in $(SUBDIRS); do if test -e $$i/Makefile ; then $(MAKE) -C $$i || { exit 1;} fi; done;
+	@for i in `ls`; do \
+		if test -e $$i/Makefile ; then \
+			cd $$i; \
+			$(MAKE) --no-print-directory || exit 1 ; \
+			cd ..; \
+		fi; \
+	done;
+
 clean:
-	@for i in $(SUBDIRS); do if test -e $$i/Makefile ; then $(MAKE)  -C $$i clean || { exit 1;} fi; done;
+	@for i in `ls`; do \
+		if test -e $$i/Makefile ; then \
+			cd $$i; \
+			$(MAKE) clean --no-print-directory || exit 1 ; \
+			cd ..; \
+		fi; \
+	done;

examples/effects/Makefile.blocksds

@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: CC0-1.0
-#
-# SPDX-FileContributor: Antonio Niño Díaz, 2023
-
-.PHONY: all clean
-
-MAKE	:= make
-
-all:
-	@for i in `ls`; do \
-		if test -e $$i/Makefile.blocksds ; then \
-			cd $$i; \
-			$(MAKE) -f Makefile.blocksds --no-print-directory || { exit 1;}; \
-			cd ..; \
-		fi; \
-	done;
-
-clean:
-	@for i in `ls`; do \
-		if test -e $$i/Makefile.blocksds ; then \
-			cd $$i; \
-			$(MAKE) -f Makefile.blocksds clean --no-print-directory || { exit 1;}; \
-			cd ..; \
-		fi; \
-	done;

examples/effects/fog/Makefile

@@ -1,220 +1,7 @@
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-.SUFFIXES:
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# This is a minimal makefile only used for the examples. If you want a makefile
+# for your project, take one from the templates inside examples/templates.
 
-ifeq ($(strip $(DEVKITARM)),)
-$(error "Please set DEVKITARM in your environment. export DEVKITARM=<path to>devkitARM")
-endif
+BINDIRS	:= data
+GFXDIRS	:= graphics
 
-include $(DEVKITARM)/ds_rules
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# TARGET is the name of the output
-# BUILD is the directory where object files & intermediate files will be placed
-# SOURCES is a list of directories containing source code
-# INCLUDES is a list of directories containing extra header files
-# DATA is a list of directories containing binary files embedded using bin2o
-# GRAPHICS is a list of directories containing image files to be converted with grit
-# AUDIO is a list of directories containing audio to be converted by maxmod
-# ICON is the image used to create the game icon, leave blank to use default rule
-# NITRO is a directory that will be accessible via NitroFS
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-TARGET   := $(shell basename $(CURDIR))
-BUILD    := build
-SOURCES  := source
-INCLUDES := include
-DATA     := data
-GRAPHICS := graphics
-AUDIO    :=
-ICON     :=
-
-# specify a directory which contains the nitro filesystem
-# this is relative to the Makefile
-NITRO    :=
-
-# These set the information text in the nds file
-GAME_TITLE     := $(shell basename $(CURDIR))
-GAME_SUBTITLE1 := Nitro Engine example
-GAME_SUBTITLE2 := github.com/AntonioND/nitro-engine
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# options for code generation
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-ARCH := -marm -mthumb-interwork -march=armv5te -mtune=arm946e-s
-
-CFLAGS   := -g -Wall -O3\
-            $(ARCH) $(INCLUDE) -DARM9
-CXXFLAGS := $(CFLAGS) -fno-rtti -fno-exceptions
-ASFLAGS  := -g $(ARCH)
-LDFLAGS   = -specs=ds_arm9.specs -g $(ARCH) -Wl,-Map,$(notdir $*.map)
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# any extra libraries we wish to link with the project (order is important)
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-LIBS := -lNE -lfat -lnds9
-
-# automatigically add libraries for NitroFS
-ifneq ($(strip $(NITRO)),)
-LIBS := -lfilesystem -lfat $(LIBS)
-endif
-# automagically add maxmod library
-ifneq ($(strip $(AUDIO)),)
-LIBS := -lmm9 $(LIBS)
-endif
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# list of directories containing libraries, this must be the top level containing
-# include and lib
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-LIBDIRS := $(LIBNDS) $(PORTLIBS) $(DEVKITPRO)/nitro-engine
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# no real need to edit anything past this point unless you need to add additional
-# rules for different file extensions
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-ifneq ($(BUILD),$(notdir $(CURDIR)))
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-export OUTPUT := $(CURDIR)/$(TARGET)
-
-export VPATH := $(CURDIR)/$(subst /,,$(dir $(ICON)))\
-                $(foreach dir,$(SOURCES),$(CURDIR)/$(dir))\
-                $(foreach dir,$(DATA),$(CURDIR)/$(dir))\
-                $(foreach dir,$(GRAPHICS),$(CURDIR)/$(dir))
-
-export DEPSDIR := $(CURDIR)/$(BUILD)
-
-CFILES   := $(foreach dir,$(SOURCES),$(notdir $(wildcard $(dir)/*.c)))
-CPPFILES := $(foreach dir,$(SOURCES),$(notdir $(wildcard $(dir)/*.cpp)))
-SFILES   := $(foreach dir,$(SOURCES),$(notdir $(wildcard $(dir)/*.s)))
-PNGFILES := $(foreach dir,$(GRAPHICS),$(notdir $(wildcard $(dir)/*.png)))
-BINFILES := $(foreach dir,$(DATA),$(notdir $(wildcard $(dir)/*.*)))
-
-# prepare NitroFS directory
-ifneq ($(strip $(NITRO)),)
-  export NITRO_FILES := $(CURDIR)/$(NITRO)
-endif
-
-# get audio list for maxmod
-ifneq ($(strip $(AUDIO)),)
-  export MODFILES	:=	$(foreach dir,$(notdir $(wildcard $(AUDIO)/*.*)),$(CURDIR)/$(AUDIO)/$(dir))
-
-  # place the soundbank file in NitroFS if using it
-  ifneq ($(strip $(NITRO)),)
-    export SOUNDBANK := $(NITRO_FILES)/soundbank.bin
-
-  # otherwise, needs to be loaded from memory
-  else
-    export SOUNDBANK := soundbank.bin
-    BINFILES += $(SOUNDBANK)
-  endif
-endif
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# use CXX for linking C++ projects, CC for standard C
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-ifeq ($(strip $(CPPFILES)),)
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-  export LD := $(CC)
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-else
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-  export LD := $(CXX)
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-endif
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-export OFILES_BIN   :=	$(addsuffix .o,$(BINFILES))
-
-export OFILES_SOURCES := $(CPPFILES:.cpp=.o) $(CFILES:.c=.o) $(SFILES:.s=.o)
-
-export OFILES := $(PNGFILES:.png=.o) $(OFILES_BIN) $(OFILES_SOURCES)
-
-export HFILES := $(PNGFILES:.png=.h) $(addsuffix .h,$(subst .,_,$(BINFILES)))
-
-export INCLUDE  := $(foreach dir,$(INCLUDES),-iquote $(CURDIR)/$(dir))\
-                   $(foreach dir,$(LIBDIRS),-I$(dir)/include)\
-                   -I$(CURDIR)/$(BUILD)
-export LIBPATHS := $(foreach dir,$(LIBDIRS),-L$(dir)/lib)
-
-ifeq ($(strip $(ICON)),)
-  icons := $(wildcard *.bmp)
-
-  ifneq (,$(findstring $(TARGET).bmp,$(icons)))
-    export GAME_ICON := $(CURDIR)/$(TARGET).bmp
-  else
-    ifneq (,$(findstring icon.bmp,$(icons)))
-      export GAME_ICON := $(CURDIR)/icon.bmp
-    endif
-  endif
-else
-  ifeq ($(suffix $(ICON)), .grf)
-    export GAME_ICON := $(CURDIR)/$(ICON)
-  else
-    export GAME_ICON := $(CURDIR)/$(BUILD)/$(notdir $(basename $(ICON))).grf
-  endif
-endif
-
-.PHONY: $(BUILD) clean
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-$(BUILD):
-	@mkdir -p $@
-	@$(MAKE) --no-print-directory -C $(BUILD) -f $(CURDIR)/Makefile
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-clean:
-	@echo clean ...
-	@rm -fr $(BUILD) $(TARGET).elf $(TARGET).nds $(SOUNDBANK)
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-else
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# main targets
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-$(OUTPUT).nds: $(OUTPUT).elf $(GAME_ICON)
-$(OUTPUT).elf: $(OFILES)
-
-# source files depend on generated headers
-$(OFILES_SOURCES) : $(HFILES)
-
-# need to build soundbank first
-$(OFILES): $(SOUNDBANK)
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# rule to build solution from music files
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-$(SOUNDBANK) : $(MODFILES)
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-	mmutil $^ -d -o$@ -hsoundbank.h
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-%.bin.o %_bin.h : %.bin
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-	@echo $(notdir $<)
-	@$(bin2o)
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# This rule creates assembly source files using grit
-# grit takes an image file and a .grit describing how the file is to be processed
-# add additional rules like this for each image extension
-# you use in the graphics folders
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-%.s %.h: %.png %.grit
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-	grit $< -fts -o$*
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Convert non-GRF game icon to GRF if needed
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-$(GAME_ICON): $(notdir $(ICON))
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-	@echo convert $(notdir $<)
-	@grit $< -g -gt -gB4 -gT FF00FF -m! -p -pe 16 -fh! -ftr
-
--include $(DEPSDIR)/*.d
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-endif
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+include ../../Makefile.example

examples/effects/fog/Makefile.blocksds

@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-# This is a minimal makefile only used for the examples. If you want a makefile
-# for your project, take one from the templates inside examples/templates.
-
-BINDIRS	:= data
-GFXDIRS	:= graphics
-
-include ../../Makefile.example.blocksds

examples/effects/fog/assets.sh

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #!/bin/sh
 
-NITRO_ENGINE=$DEVKITPRO/nitro-engine
+NITRO_ENGINE=../../..
 ASSETS=$NITRO_ENGINE/examples/assets
 TOOLS=$NITRO_ENGINE/tools
 OBJ2DL=$TOOLS/obj2dl/obj2dl.py

examples/effects/fog/source/main.c

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: CC0-1.0
 //
-// SPDX-FileContributor: Antonio Niño Díaz, 2008-2011, 2019, 2022
+// SPDX-FileContributor: Antonio Niño Díaz, 2008-2024
 //
 // This file is part of Nitro Engine
 
@@ -9,26 +9,31 @@
 #include "texture.h"
 #include "sphere_bin.h"
 
-NE_Camera *Camera;
-NE_Model *Model, *Model2, *Model3;
-NE_Material *Material;
+typedef struct {
+    NE_Camera *Camera;
+    NE_Model *Model, *Model2, *Model3;
+} SceneData;
 
-void Draw3DScene(void)
+void Draw3DScene(void *arg)
 {
+    SceneData *Scene = arg;
+
     // Set camera
-    NE_CameraUse(Camera);
+    NE_CameraUse(Scene->Camera);
 
     // This has to be used to use fog
     NE_PolyFormat(31, 0, NE_LIGHT_ALL, NE_CULL_BACK, NE_FOG_ENABLE);
 
     // Draw models
-    NE_ModelDraw(Model);
-    NE_ModelDraw(Model2);
-    NE_ModelDraw(Model3);
+    NE_ModelDraw(Scene->Model);
+    NE_ModelDraw(Scene->Model2);
+    NE_ModelDraw(Scene->Model3);
 }
 
-int main(void)
+int main(int argc, char *argv[])
 {
+    SceneData Scene = { 0 };
+
     irqEnable(IRQ_HBLANK);
     irqSet(IRQ_VBLANK, NE_VBLFunc);
     irqSet(IRQ_VBLANK, NE_HBLFunc);
@@ -41,39 +46,39 @@ int main(void)
     consoleDemoInit();
 
     // Allocate objects
-    Model = NE_ModelCreate(NE_Static);
-    Model2 = NE_ModelCreate(NE_Static);
-    Model3 = NE_ModelCreate(NE_Static);
-    Camera = NE_CameraCreate();
-    Material = NE_MaterialCreate();
+    Scene.Model = NE_ModelCreate(NE_Static);
+    Scene.Model2 = NE_ModelCreate(NE_Static);
+    Scene.Model3 = NE_ModelCreate(NE_Static);
+    Scene.Camera = NE_CameraCreate();
+    NE_Material *Material = NE_MaterialCreate();
 
     // Set camera coordinates
-    NE_CameraSet(Camera,
+    NE_CameraSet(Scene.Camera,
                  -1, 2, -1,
                   1, 1, 1,
                   0, 1, 0);
 
     // Load models
-    NE_ModelLoadStaticMesh(Model, sphere_bin);
-    NE_ModelLoadStaticMesh(Model2, sphere_bin);
-    NE_ModelLoadStaticMesh(Model3, sphere_bin);
+    NE_ModelLoadStaticMesh(Scene.Model, sphere_bin);
+    NE_ModelLoadStaticMesh(Scene.Model2, sphere_bin);
+    NE_ModelLoadStaticMesh(Scene.Model3, sphere_bin);
 
     // Load texture
-    NE_MaterialTexLoad(Material, NE_RGB5, 256, 256, NE_TEXGEN_TEXCOORD,
+    NE_MaterialTexLoad(Material, NE_A1RGB5, 256, 256, NE_TEXGEN_TEXCOORD,
                        textureBitmap);
 
     // Assign the same material to every model object.
-    NE_ModelSetMaterial(Model, Material);
-    NE_ModelSetMaterial(Model2, Material);
-    NE_ModelSetMaterial(Model3, Material);
+    NE_ModelSetMaterial(Scene.Model, Material);
+    NE_ModelSetMaterial(Scene.Model2, Material);
+    NE_ModelSetMaterial(Scene.Model3, Material);
 
     // Set light and vector of light 0
     NE_LightSet(0, NE_White, 0, -1, -1);
 
     // Set position of every object
-    NE_ModelSetCoord(Model, 1, 0, 1);
-    NE_ModelSetCoord(Model2, 3, 1, 3);
-    NE_ModelSetCoord(Model3, 7, 2, 7);
+    NE_ModelSetCoord(Scene.Model, 1, 0, 1);
+    NE_ModelSetCoord(Scene.Model2, 3, 1, 3);
+    NE_ModelSetCoord(Scene.Model3, 7, 2, 7);
 
     // Set initial fog color to black
     u32 color = NE_Black;
@@ -125,7 +130,7 @@ int main(void)
                shift, mass, depth);
 
         // Draw scene
-        NE_Process(Draw3DScene);
+        NE_ProcessArg(Draw3DScene, &Scene);
     }
 
     return 0;

examples/effects/screen_effects/Makefile

@@ -1,220 +1,6 @@
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-.SUFFIXES:
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# This is a minimal makefile only used for the examples. If you want a makefile
+# for your project, take one from the templates inside examples/templates.
 
-ifeq ($(strip $(DEVKITARM)),)
-$(error "Please set DEVKITARM in your environment. export DEVKITARM=<path to>devkitARM")
-endif
+BINDIRS	:= data
 
-include $(DEVKITARM)/ds_rules
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# TARGET is the name of the output
-# BUILD is the directory where object files & intermediate files will be placed
-# SOURCES is a list of directories containing source code
-# INCLUDES is a list of directories containing extra header files
-# DATA is a list of directories containing binary files embedded using bin2o
-# GRAPHICS is a list of directories containing image files to be converted with grit
-# AUDIO is a list of directories containing audio to be converted by maxmod
-# ICON is the image used to create the game icon, leave blank to use default rule
-# NITRO is a directory that will be accessible via NitroFS
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-TARGET   := $(shell basename $(CURDIR))
-BUILD    := build
-SOURCES  := source
-INCLUDES := include
-DATA     := data
-GRAPHICS :=
-AUDIO    :=
-ICON     :=
-
-# specify a directory which contains the nitro filesystem
-# this is relative to the Makefile
-NITRO    :=
-
-# These set the information text in the nds file
-GAME_TITLE     := $(shell basename $(CURDIR))
-GAME_SUBTITLE1 := Nitro Engine example
-GAME_SUBTITLE2 := github.com/AntonioND/nitro-engine
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# options for code generation
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-ARCH := -marm -mthumb-interwork -march=armv5te -mtune=arm946e-s
-
-CFLAGS   := -g -Wall -O3\
-            $(ARCH) $(INCLUDE) -DARM9
-CXXFLAGS := $(CFLAGS) -fno-rtti -fno-exceptions
-ASFLAGS  := -g $(ARCH)
-LDFLAGS   = -specs=ds_arm9.specs -g $(ARCH) -Wl,-Map,$(notdir $*.map)
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# any extra libraries we wish to link with the project (order is important)
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-LIBS := -lNE -lfat -lnds9
-
-# automatigically add libraries for NitroFS
-ifneq ($(strip $(NITRO)),)
-LIBS := -lfilesystem -lfat $(LIBS)
-endif
-# automagically add maxmod library
-ifneq ($(strip $(AUDIO)),)
-LIBS := -lmm9 $(LIBS)
-endif
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# list of directories containing libraries, this must be the top level containing
-# include and lib
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-LIBDIRS := $(LIBNDS) $(PORTLIBS) $(DEVKITPRO)/nitro-engine
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# no real need to edit anything past this point unless you need to add additional
-# rules for different file extensions
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-ifneq ($(BUILD),$(notdir $(CURDIR)))
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-export OUTPUT := $(CURDIR)/$(TARGET)
-
-export VPATH := $(CURDIR)/$(subst /,,$(dir $(ICON)))\
-                $(foreach dir,$(SOURCES),$(CURDIR)/$(dir))\
-                $(foreach dir,$(DATA),$(CURDIR)/$(dir))\
-                $(foreach dir,$(GRAPHICS),$(CURDIR)/$(dir))
-
-export DEPSDIR := $(CURDIR)/$(BUILD)
-
-CFILES   := $(foreach dir,$(SOURCES),$(notdir $(wildcard $(dir)/*.c)))
-CPPFILES := $(foreach dir,$(SOURCES),$(notdir $(wildcard $(dir)/*.cpp)))
-SFILES   := $(foreach dir,$(SOURCES),$(notdir $(wildcard $(dir)/*.s)))
-PNGFILES := $(foreach dir,$(GRAPHICS),$(notdir $(wildcard $(dir)/*.png)))
-BINFILES := $(foreach dir,$(DATA),$(notdir $(wildcard $(dir)/*.*)))
-
-# prepare NitroFS directory
-ifneq ($(strip $(NITRO)),)
-  export NITRO_FILES := $(CURDIR)/$(NITRO)
-endif
-
-# get audio list for maxmod
-ifneq ($(strip $(AUDIO)),)
-  export MODFILES	:=	$(foreach dir,$(notdir $(wildcard $(AUDIO)/*.*)),$(CURDIR)/$(AUDIO)/$(dir))
-
-  # place the soundbank file in NitroFS if using it
-  ifneq ($(strip $(NITRO)),)
-    export SOUNDBANK := $(NITRO_FILES)/soundbank.bin
-
-  # otherwise, needs to be loaded from memory
-  else
-    export SOUNDBANK := soundbank.bin
-    BINFILES += $(SOUNDBANK)
-  endif
-endif
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# use CXX for linking C++ projects, CC for standard C
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-ifeq ($(strip $(CPPFILES)),)
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-  export LD := $(CC)
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-else
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-  export LD := $(CXX)
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-endif
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-export OFILES_BIN   :=	$(addsuffix .o,$(BINFILES))
-
-export OFILES_SOURCES := $(CPPFILES:.cpp=.o) $(CFILES:.c=.o) $(SFILES:.s=.o)
-
-export OFILES := $(PNGFILES:.png=.o) $(OFILES_BIN) $(OFILES_SOURCES)
-
-export HFILES := $(PNGFILES:.png=.h) $(addsuffix .h,$(subst .,_,$(BINFILES)))
-
-export INCLUDE  := $(foreach dir,$(INCLUDES),-iquote $(CURDIR)/$(dir))\
-                   $(foreach dir,$(LIBDIRS),-I$(dir)/include)\
-                   -I$(CURDIR)/$(BUILD)
-export LIBPATHS := $(foreach dir,$(LIBDIRS),-L$(dir)/lib)
-
-ifeq ($(strip $(ICON)),)
-  icons := $(wildcard *.bmp)
-
-  ifneq (,$(findstring $(TARGET).bmp,$(icons)))
-    export GAME_ICON := $(CURDIR)/$(TARGET).bmp
-  else
-    ifneq (,$(findstring icon.bmp,$(icons)))
-      export GAME_ICON := $(CURDIR)/icon.bmp
-    endif
-  endif
-else
-  ifeq ($(suffix $(ICON)), .grf)
-    export GAME_ICON := $(CURDIR)/$(ICON)
-  else
-    export GAME_ICON := $(CURDIR)/$(BUILD)/$(notdir $(basename $(ICON))).grf
-  endif
-endif
-
-.PHONY: $(BUILD) clean
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-$(BUILD):
-	@mkdir -p $@
-	@$(MAKE) --no-print-directory -C $(BUILD) -f $(CURDIR)/Makefile
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-clean:
-	@echo clean ...
-	@rm -fr $(BUILD) $(TARGET).elf $(TARGET).nds $(SOUNDBANK)
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-else
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# main targets
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-$(OUTPUT).nds: $(OUTPUT).elf $(GAME_ICON)
-$(OUTPUT).elf: $(OFILES)
-
-# source files depend on generated headers
-$(OFILES_SOURCES) : $(HFILES)
-
-# need to build soundbank first
-$(OFILES): $(SOUNDBANK)
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# rule to build solution from music files
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-$(SOUNDBANK) : $(MODFILES)
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-	mmutil $^ -d -o$@ -hsoundbank.h
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-%.bin.o %_bin.h : %.bin
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-	@echo $(notdir $<)
-	@$(bin2o)
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# This rule creates assembly source files using grit
-# grit takes an image file and a .grit describing how the file is to be processed
-# add additional rules like this for each image extension
-# you use in the graphics folders
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-%.s %.h: %.png %.grit
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-	grit $< -fts -o$*
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Convert non-GRF game icon to GRF if needed
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-$(GAME_ICON): $(notdir $(ICON))
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-	@echo convert $(notdir $<)
-	@grit $< -g -gt -gB4 -gT FF00FF -m! -p -pe 16 -fh! -ftr
-
--include $(DEPSDIR)/*.d
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-endif
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+include ../../Makefile.example

examples/effects/screen_effects/Makefile.blocksds

@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-# This is a minimal makefile only used for the examples. If you want a makefile
-# for your project, take one from the templates inside examples/templates.
-
-BINDIRS	:= data
-
-include ../../Makefile.example.blocksds

examples/effects/screen_effects/assets.sh

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #!/bin/sh
 
-NITRO_ENGINE=$DEVKITPRO/nitro-engine
+NITRO_ENGINE=../../..
 ASSETS=$NITRO_ENGINE/examples/assets
 TOOLS=$NITRO_ENGINE/tools
 OBJ2DL=$TOOLS/obj2dl/obj2dl.py

examples/effects/screen_effects/source/main.c

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: CC0-1.0
 //
-// SPDX-FileContributor: Antonio Niño Díaz, 2008-2011, 2019, 2022
+// SPDX-FileContributor: Antonio Niño Díaz, 2008-2024
 //
 // This file is part of Nitro Engine
 
@@ -8,29 +8,37 @@
 
 #include "teapot_bin.h"
 
-NE_Camera *Camera;
-NE_Model *Model;
+typedef struct {
+    NE_Camera *Camera;
+    NE_Model *Model;
+} SceneData;
 
-void Draw3DScene(void)
+void Draw3DScene(void *arg)
 {
+    SceneData *Scene = arg;
+
     // Set rear plane color
     NE_ClearColorSet(NE_Red, 31, 63);
 
-    NE_CameraUse(Camera);
-    NE_ModelDraw(Model);
+    NE_CameraUse(Scene->Camera);
+    NE_ModelDraw(Scene->Model);
 }
 
-void Draw3DScene2(void)
+void Draw3DScene2(void *arg)
 {
+    SceneData *Scene = arg;
+
     // Set rear plane color
     NE_ClearColorSet(NE_Green, 31, 63);
 
-    NE_CameraUse(Camera);
-    NE_ModelDraw(Model);
+    NE_CameraUse(Scene->Camera);
+    NE_ModelDraw(Scene->Model);
 }
 
-int main(void)
+int main(int argc, char *argv[])
 {
+    SceneData Scene = { 0 };
+
     // This is needed for special screen effects
     irqEnable(IRQ_HBLANK);
     irqSet(IRQ_VBLANK, NE_VBLFunc);
@@ -41,24 +49,21 @@ int main(void)
     NE_InitConsole();
 
     // Allocate objects...
-    Model = NE_ModelCreate(NE_Static);
-    Camera = NE_CameraCreate();
+    Scene.Model = NE_ModelCreate(NE_Static);
+    Scene.Camera = NE_CameraCreate();
 
     // Setup camera
-    NE_CameraSet(Camera,
+    NE_CameraSet(Scene.Camera,
                  0, 0, -3,
                  0, 0, 0,
                  0, 1, 0);
 
     // Load model
-    NE_ModelLoadStaticMesh(Model, teapot_bin);
+    NE_ModelLoadStaticMesh(Scene.Model, teapot_bin);
 
     // Set light color and direction
     NE_LightSet(0, NE_White, -0.5, -0.5, -0.5);
 
-    // Enable shading
-    NE_ShadingEnable(true);
-
     // Other test configurations
     //NE_SpecialEffectNoiseConfig(31);
     //NE_SpecialEffectSineConfig(3, 8);
@@ -78,13 +83,13 @@ int main(void)
 
         // Rotate model
         if (keys & KEY_UP)
-            NE_ModelRotate(Model, 0, 0, 2);
+            NE_ModelRotate(Scene.Model, 0, 0, 2);
         if (keys & KEY_DOWN)
-            NE_ModelRotate(Model, 0, 0, -2);
+            NE_ModelRotate(Scene.Model, 0, 0, -2);
         if (keys & KEY_RIGHT)
-            NE_ModelRotate(Model, 0, 2, 0);
+            NE_ModelRotate(Scene.Model, 0, 2, 0);
         if (keys & KEY_LEFT)
-            NE_ModelRotate(Model, 0, -2, 0);
+            NE_ModelRotate(Scene.Model, 0, -2, 0);
 
         // Activate effects
         if (kdown & KEY_B)
@@ -102,7 +107,7 @@ int main(void)
             NE_SpecialEffectPause(false);
 
         // Draw 3D scenes
-        NE_ProcessDual(Draw3DScene, Draw3DScene2);
+        NE_ProcessDualArg(Draw3DScene, Draw3DScene2, &Scene, &Scene);
     }
 
     return 0;

examples/effects/screen_effects_dual_3d_dma/Makefile

@@ -1,220 +1,6 @@
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-.SUFFIXES:
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# This is a minimal makefile only used for the examples. If you want a makefile
+# for your project, take one from the templates inside examples/templates.
 
-ifeq ($(strip $(DEVKITARM)),)
-$(error "Please set DEVKITARM in your environment. export DEVKITARM=<path to>devkitARM")
-endif
+BINDIRS	:= data
 
-include $(DEVKITARM)/ds_rules
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# TARGET is the name of the output
-# BUILD is the directory where object files & intermediate files will be placed
-# SOURCES is a list of directories containing source code
-# INCLUDES is a list of directories containing extra header files
-# DATA is a list of directories containing binary files embedded using bin2o
-# GRAPHICS is a list of directories containing image files to be converted with grit
-# AUDIO is a list of directories containing audio to be converted by maxmod
-# ICON is the image used to create the game icon, leave blank to use default rule
-# NITRO is a directory that will be accessible via NitroFS
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-TARGET   := $(shell basename $(CURDIR))
-BUILD    := build
-SOURCES  := source
-INCLUDES := include
-DATA     := data
-GRAPHICS :=
-AUDIO    :=
-ICON     :=
-
-# specify a directory which contains the nitro filesystem
-# this is relative to the Makefile
-NITRO    :=
-
-# These set the information text in the nds file
-GAME_TITLE     := $(shell basename $(CURDIR))
-GAME_SUBTITLE1 := Nitro Engine example
-GAME_SUBTITLE2 := github.com/AntonioND/nitro-engine
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# options for code generation
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-ARCH := -marm -mthumb-interwork -march=armv5te -mtune=arm946e-s
-
-CFLAGS   := -g -Wall -O3\
-            $(ARCH) $(INCLUDE) -DARM9
-CXXFLAGS := $(CFLAGS) -fno-rtti -fno-exceptions
-ASFLAGS  := -g $(ARCH)
-LDFLAGS   = -specs=ds_arm9.specs -g $(ARCH) -Wl,-Map,$(notdir $*.map)
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# any extra libraries we wish to link with the project (order is important)
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-LIBS := -lNE -lfat -lnds9
-
-# automatigically add libraries for NitroFS
-ifneq ($(strip $(NITRO)),)
-LIBS := -lfilesystem -lfat $(LIBS)
-endif
-# automagically add maxmod library
-ifneq ($(strip $(AUDIO)),)
-LIBS := -lmm9 $(LIBS)
-endif
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# list of directories containing libraries, this must be the top level containing
-# include and lib
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-LIBDIRS := $(LIBNDS) $(PORTLIBS) $(DEVKITPRO)/nitro-engine
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# no real need to edit anything past this point unless you need to add additional
-# rules for different file extensions
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-ifneq ($(BUILD),$(notdir $(CURDIR)))
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-export OUTPUT := $(CURDIR)/$(TARGET)
-
-export VPATH := $(CURDIR)/$(subst /,,$(dir $(ICON)))\
-                $(foreach dir,$(SOURCES),$(CURDIR)/$(dir))\
-                $(foreach dir,$(DATA),$(CURDIR)/$(dir))\
-                $(foreach dir,$(GRAPHICS),$(CURDIR)/$(dir))
-
-export DEPSDIR := $(CURDIR)/$(BUILD)
-
-CFILES   := $(foreach dir,$(SOURCES),$(notdir $(wildcard $(dir)/*.c)))
-CPPFILES := $(foreach dir,$(SOURCES),$(notdir $(wildcard $(dir)/*.cpp)))
-SFILES   := $(foreach dir,$(SOURCES),$(notdir $(wildcard $(dir)/*.s)))
-PNGFILES := $(foreach dir,$(GRAPHICS),$(notdir $(wildcard $(dir)/*.png)))
-BINFILES := $(foreach dir,$(DATA),$(notdir $(wildcard $(dir)/*.*)))
-
-# prepare NitroFS directory
-ifneq ($(strip $(NITRO)),)
-  export NITRO_FILES := $(CURDIR)/$(NITRO)
-endif
-
-# get audio list for maxmod
-ifneq ($(strip $(AUDIO)),)
-  export MODFILES	:=	$(foreach dir,$(notdir $(wildcard $(AUDIO)/*.*)),$(CURDIR)/$(AUDIO)/$(dir))
-
-  # place the soundbank file in NitroFS if using it
-  ifneq ($(strip $(NITRO)),)
-    export SOUNDBANK := $(NITRO_FILES)/soundbank.bin
-
-  # otherwise, needs to be loaded from memory
-  else
-    export SOUNDBANK := soundbank.bin
-    BINFILES += $(SOUNDBANK)
-  endif
-endif
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# use CXX for linking C++ projects, CC for standard C
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-ifeq ($(strip $(CPPFILES)),)
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-  export LD := $(CC)
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-else
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-  export LD := $(CXX)
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-endif
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-export OFILES_BIN   :=	$(addsuffix .o,$(BINFILES))
-
-export OFILES_SOURCES := $(CPPFILES:.cpp=.o) $(CFILES:.c=.o) $(SFILES:.s=.o)
-
-export OFILES := $(PNGFILES:.png=.o) $(OFILES_BIN) $(OFILES_SOURCES)
-
-export HFILES := $(PNGFILES:.png=.h) $(addsuffix .h,$(subst .,_,$(BINFILES)))
-
-export INCLUDE  := $(foreach dir,$(INCLUDES),-iquote $(CURDIR)/$(dir))\
-                   $(foreach dir,$(LIBDIRS),-I$(dir)/include)\
-                   -I$(CURDIR)/$(BUILD)
-export LIBPATHS := $(foreach dir,$(LIBDIRS),-L$(dir)/lib)
-
-ifeq ($(strip $(ICON)),)
-  icons := $(wildcard *.bmp)
-
-  ifneq (,$(findstring $(TARGET).bmp,$(icons)))
-    export GAME_ICON := $(CURDIR)/$(TARGET).bmp
-  else
-    ifneq (,$(findstring icon.bmp,$(icons)))
-      export GAME_ICON := $(CURDIR)/icon.bmp
-    endif
-  endif
-else
-  ifeq ($(suffix $(ICON)), .grf)
-    export GAME_ICON := $(CURDIR)/$(ICON)
-  else
-    export GAME_ICON := $(CURDIR)/$(BUILD)/$(notdir $(basename $(ICON))).grf
-  endif
-endif
-
-.PHONY: $(BUILD) clean
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-$(BUILD):
-	@mkdir -p $@
-	@$(MAKE) --no-print-directory -C $(BUILD) -f $(CURDIR)/Makefile
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-clean:
-	@echo clean ...
-	@rm -fr $(BUILD) $(TARGET).elf $(TARGET).nds $(SOUNDBANK)
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-else
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# main targets
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-$(OUTPUT).nds: $(OUTPUT).elf $(GAME_ICON)
-$(OUTPUT).elf: $(OFILES)
-
-# source files depend on generated headers
-$(OFILES_SOURCES) : $(HFILES)
-
-# need to build soundbank first
-$(OFILES): $(SOUNDBANK)
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# rule to build solution from music files
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-$(SOUNDBANK) : $(MODFILES)
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-	mmutil $^ -d -o$@ -hsoundbank.h
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-%.bin.o %_bin.h : %.bin
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-	@echo $(notdir $<)
-	@$(bin2o)
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# This rule creates assembly source files using grit
-# grit takes an image file and a .grit describing how the file is to be processed
-# add additional rules like this for each image extension
-# you use in the graphics folders
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-%.s %.h: %.png %.grit
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-	grit $< -fts -o$*
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Convert non-GRF game icon to GRF if needed
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-$(GAME_ICON): $(notdir $(ICON))
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-	@echo convert $(notdir $<)
-	@grit $< -g -gt -gB4 -gT FF00FF -m! -p -pe 16 -fh! -ftr
-
--include $(DEPSDIR)/*.d
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-endif
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+include ../../Makefile.example

examples/effects/screen_effects_dual_3d_dma/Makefile.blocksds

@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-# This is a minimal makefile only used for the examples. If you want a makefile
-# for your project, take one from the templates inside examples/templates.
-
-BINDIRS	:= data
-
-include ../../Makefile.example.blocksds

examples/effects/screen_effects_dual_3d_dma/assets.sh

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #!/bin/sh
 
-NITRO_ENGINE=$DEVKITPRO/nitro-engine
+NITRO_ENGINE=../../..
 ASSETS=$NITRO_ENGINE/examples/assets
 TOOLS=$NITRO_ENGINE/tools
 OBJ2DL=$TOOLS/obj2dl/obj2dl.py

examples/effects/screen_effects_dual_3d_dma/source/main.c

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: CC0-1.0
 //
-// SPDX-FileContributor: Antonio Niño Díaz, 2008-2011, 2019, 2022-2023
+// SPDX-FileContributor: Antonio Niño Díaz, 2008-2024
 //
 // This file is part of Nitro Engine
 
@@ -11,27 +11,35 @@
 #include "teapot_bin.h"
 #include "sphere_bin.h"
 
-NE_Camera *Camera;
-NE_Model *Teapot, *Sphere;
+typedef struct {
+    NE_Camera *Camera;
+    NE_Model *Teapot, *Sphere;
+} SceneData;
 
-void Draw3DScene(void)
+void Draw3DScene(void *arg)
 {
+    SceneData *Scene = arg;
+
     NE_ClearColorSet(NE_Red, 31, 63);
 
-    NE_CameraUse(Camera);
-    NE_ModelDraw(Teapot);
+    NE_CameraUse(Scene->Camera);
+    NE_ModelDraw(Scene->Teapot);
 }
 
-void Draw3DScene2(void)
+void Draw3DScene2(void *arg)
 {
+    SceneData *Scene = arg;
+
     NE_ClearColorSet(NE_Green, 31, 63);
 
-    NE_CameraUse(Camera);
-    NE_ModelDraw(Sphere);
+    NE_CameraUse(Scene->Camera);
+    NE_ModelDraw(Scene->Sphere);
 }
 
-int main(void)
+int main(int argc, char *argv[])
 {
+    SceneData Scene = { 0 };
+
     // This is needed for special screen effects
     irqEnable(IRQ_HBLANK);
     irqSet(IRQ_VBLANK, NE_VBLFunc);
@@ -42,26 +50,23 @@ int main(void)
     NE_InitConsole();
 
     // Allocate objects...
-    Teapot = NE_ModelCreate(NE_Static);
-    Sphere = NE_ModelCreate(NE_Static);
-    Camera = NE_CameraCreate();
+    Scene.Teapot = NE_ModelCreate(NE_Static);
+    Scene.Sphere = NE_ModelCreate(NE_Static);
+    Scene.Camera = NE_CameraCreate();
 
     // Setup camera
-    NE_CameraSet(Camera,
+    NE_CameraSet(Scene.Camera,
                  0, 0, -2,
                  0, 0, 0,
                  0, 1, 0);
 
     // Load models
-    NE_ModelLoadStaticMesh(Teapot, teapot_bin);
-    NE_ModelLoadStaticMesh(Sphere, sphere_bin);
+    NE_ModelLoadStaticMesh(Scene.Teapot, teapot_bin);
+    NE_ModelLoadStaticMesh(Scene.Sphere, sphere_bin);
 
     // Set light color and direction
     NE_LightSet(0, NE_White, -0.5, -0.5, -0.5);
 
-    // Enable shading
-    NE_ShadingEnable(true);
-
     // Other test configurations
     //NE_SpecialEffectNoiseConfig(31);
     //NE_SpecialEffectSineConfig(3, 8);
@@ -71,7 +76,7 @@ int main(void)
         NE_WaitForVBL(0);
 
         // Draw 3D scenes
-        NE_ProcessDual(Draw3DScene, Draw3DScene2);
+        NE_ProcessDualArg(Draw3DScene, Draw3DScene2, &Scene, &Scene);
 
         // Refresh keys
         scanKeys();
@@ -93,23 +98,23 @@ int main(void)
         // Rotate model
         if (keys & KEY_UP)
         {
-            NE_ModelRotate(Sphere, 0, 0, 2);
-            NE_ModelRotate(Teapot, 0, 0, 2);
+            NE_ModelRotate(Scene.Sphere, 0, 0, 2);
+            NE_ModelRotate(Scene.Teapot, 0, 0, 2);
         }
         if (keys & KEY_DOWN)
         {
-            NE_ModelRotate(Sphere, 0, 0, -2);
-            NE_ModelRotate(Teapot, 0, 0, -2);
+            NE_ModelRotate(Scene.Sphere, 0, 0, -2);
+            NE_ModelRotate(Scene.Teapot, 0, 0, -2);
         }
         if (keys & KEY_RIGHT)
         {
-            NE_ModelRotate(Sphere, 0, 2, 0);
-            NE_ModelRotate(Teapot, 0, 2, 0);
+            NE_ModelRotate(Scene.Sphere, 0, 2, 0);
+            NE_ModelRotate(Scene.Teapot, 0, 2, 0);
         }
         if (keys & KEY_LEFT)
         {
-            NE_ModelRotate(Sphere, 0, -2, 0);
-            NE_ModelRotate(Teapot, 0, -2, 0);
+            NE_ModelRotate(Scene.Sphere, 0, -2, 0);
+            NE_ModelRotate(Scene.Teapot, 0, -2, 0);
         }
 
         // Activate effects

examples/effects/shading_alpha_outlining/Makefile

@@ -1,220 +1,7 @@
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-.SUFFIXES:
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# This is a minimal makefile only used for the examples. If you want a makefile
+# for your project, take one from the templates inside examples/templates.
 
-ifeq ($(strip $(DEVKITARM)),)
-$(error "Please set DEVKITARM in your environment. export DEVKITARM=<path to>devkitARM")
-endif
+BINDIRS	:= data
+GFXDIRS	:= graphics
 
-include $(DEVKITARM)/ds_rules
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# TARGET is the name of the output
-# BUILD is the directory where object files & intermediate files will be placed
-# SOURCES is a list of directories containing source code
-# INCLUDES is a list of directories containing extra header files
-# DATA is a list of directories containing binary files embedded using bin2o
-# GRAPHICS is a list of directories containing image files to be converted with grit
-# AUDIO is a list of directories containing audio to be converted by maxmod
-# ICON is the image used to create the game icon, leave blank to use default rule
-# NITRO is a directory that will be accessible via NitroFS
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-TARGET   := $(shell basename $(CURDIR))
-BUILD    := build
-SOURCES  := source
-INCLUDES := include
-DATA     := data
-GRAPHICS := graphics
-AUDIO    :=
-ICON     :=
-
-# specify a directory which contains the nitro filesystem
-# this is relative to the Makefile
-NITRO    :=
-
-# These set the information text in the nds file
-GAME_TITLE     := $(shell basename $(CURDIR))
-GAME_SUBTITLE1 := Nitro Engine example
-GAME_SUBTITLE2 := github.com/AntonioND/nitro-engine
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# options for code generation
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-ARCH := -marm -mthumb-interwork -march=armv5te -mtune=arm946e-s
-
-CFLAGS   := -g -Wall -O3\
-            $(ARCH) $(INCLUDE) -DARM9
-CXXFLAGS := $(CFLAGS) -fno-rtti -fno-exceptions
-ASFLAGS  := -g $(ARCH)
-LDFLAGS   = -specs=ds_arm9.specs -g $(ARCH) -Wl,-Map,$(notdir $*.map)
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# any extra libraries we wish to link with the project (order is important)
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-LIBS := -lNE -lfat -lnds9
-
-# automatigically add libraries for NitroFS
-ifneq ($(strip $(NITRO)),)
-LIBS := -lfilesystem -lfat $(LIBS)
-endif
-# automagically add maxmod library
-ifneq ($(strip $(AUDIO)),)
-LIBS := -lmm9 $(LIBS)
-endif
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# list of directories containing libraries, this must be the top level containing
-# include and lib
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-LIBDIRS := $(LIBNDS) $(PORTLIBS) $(DEVKITPRO)/nitro-engine
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# no real need to edit anything past this point unless you need to add additional
-# rules for different file extensions
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-ifneq ($(BUILD),$(notdir $(CURDIR)))
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-export OUTPUT := $(CURDIR)/$(TARGET)
-
-export VPATH := $(CURDIR)/$(subst /,,$(dir $(ICON)))\
-                $(foreach dir,$(SOURCES),$(CURDIR)/$(dir))\
-                $(foreach dir,$(DATA),$(CURDIR)/$(dir))\
-                $(foreach dir,$(GRAPHICS),$(CURDIR)/$(dir))
-
-export DEPSDIR := $(CURDIR)/$(BUILD)
-
-CFILES   := $(foreach dir,$(SOURCES),$(notdir $(wildcard $(dir)/*.c)))
-CPPFILES := $(foreach dir,$(SOURCES),$(notdir $(wildcard $(dir)/*.cpp)))
-SFILES   := $(foreach dir,$(SOURCES),$(notdir $(wildcard $(dir)/*.s)))
-PNGFILES := $(foreach dir,$(GRAPHICS),$(notdir $(wildcard $(dir)/*.png)))
-BINFILES := $(foreach dir,$(DATA),$(notdir $(wildcard $(dir)/*.*)))
-
-# prepare NitroFS directory
-ifneq ($(strip $(NITRO)),)
-  export NITRO_FILES := $(CURDIR)/$(NITRO)
-endif
-
-# get audio list for maxmod
-ifneq ($(strip $(AUDIO)),)
-  export MODFILES	:=	$(foreach dir,$(notdir $(wildcard $(AUDIO)/*.*)),$(CURDIR)/$(AUDIO)/$(dir))
-
-  # place the soundbank file in NitroFS if using it
-  ifneq ($(strip $(NITRO)),)
-    export SOUNDBANK := $(NITRO_FILES)/soundbank.bin
-
-  # otherwise, needs to be loaded from memory
-  else
-    export SOUNDBANK := soundbank.bin
-    BINFILES += $(SOUNDBANK)
-  endif
-endif
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# use CXX for linking C++ projects, CC for standard C
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-ifeq ($(strip $(CPPFILES)),)
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-  export LD := $(CC)
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-else
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-  export LD := $(CXX)
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-endif
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-export OFILES_BIN   :=	$(addsuffix .o,$(BINFILES))
-
-export OFILES_SOURCES := $(CPPFILES:.cpp=.o) $(CFILES:.c=.o) $(SFILES:.s=.o)
-
-export OFILES := $(PNGFILES:.png=.o) $(OFILES_BIN) $(OFILES_SOURCES)
-
-export HFILES := $(PNGFILES:.png=.h) $(addsuffix .h,$(subst .,_,$(BINFILES)))
-
-export INCLUDE  := $(foreach dir,$(INCLUDES),-iquote $(CURDIR)/$(dir))\
-                   $(foreach dir,$(LIBDIRS),-I$(dir)/include)\
-                   -I$(CURDIR)/$(BUILD)
-export LIBPATHS := $(foreach dir,$(LIBDIRS),-L$(dir)/lib)
-
-ifeq ($(strip $(ICON)),)
-  icons := $(wildcard *.bmp)
-
-  ifneq (,$(findstring $(TARGET).bmp,$(icons)))
-    export GAME_ICON := $(CURDIR)/$(TARGET).bmp
-  else
-    ifneq (,$(findstring icon.bmp,$(icons)))
-      export GAME_ICON := $(CURDIR)/icon.bmp
-    endif
-  endif
-else
-  ifeq ($(suffix $(ICON)), .grf)
-    export GAME_ICON := $(CURDIR)/$(ICON)
-  else
-    export GAME_ICON := $(CURDIR)/$(BUILD)/$(notdir $(basename $(ICON))).grf
-  endif
-endif
-
-.PHONY: $(BUILD) clean
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-$(BUILD):
-	@mkdir -p $@
-	@$(MAKE) --no-print-directory -C $(BUILD) -f $(CURDIR)/Makefile
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-clean:
-	@echo clean ...
-	@rm -fr $(BUILD) $(TARGET).elf $(TARGET).nds $(SOUNDBANK)
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-else
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# main targets
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-$(OUTPUT).nds: $(OUTPUT).elf $(GAME_ICON)
-$(OUTPUT).elf: $(OFILES)
-
-# source files depend on generated headers
-$(OFILES_SOURCES) : $(HFILES)
-
-# need to build soundbank first
-$(OFILES): $(SOUNDBANK)
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# rule to build solution from music files
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-$(SOUNDBANK) : $(MODFILES)
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-	mmutil $^ -d -o$@ -hsoundbank.h
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-%.bin.o %_bin.h : %.bin
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-	@echo $(notdir $<)
-	@$(bin2o)
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# This rule creates assembly source files using grit
-# grit takes an image file and a .grit describing how the file is to be processed
-# add additional rules like this for each image extension
-# you use in the graphics folders
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-%.s %.h: %.png %.grit
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-	grit $< -fts -o$*
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Convert non-GRF game icon to GRF if needed
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-$(GAME_ICON): $(notdir $(ICON))
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-	@echo convert $(notdir $<)
-	@grit $< -g -gt -gB4 -gT FF00FF -m! -p -pe 16 -fh! -ftr
-
--include $(DEPSDIR)/*.d
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-endif
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+include ../../Makefile.example

examples/effects/shading_alpha_outlining/assets.sh

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #!/bin/sh
 
-NITRO_ENGINE=$DEVKITPRO/nitro-engine
+NITRO_ENGINE=../../..
 ASSETS=$NITRO_ENGINE/examples/assets
 TOOLS=$NITRO_ENGINE/tools
 OBJ2DL=$TOOLS/obj2dl/obj2dl.py

examples/effects/shading_alpha_outlining/source/main.c

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: CC0-1.0
 //
-// SPDX-FileContributor: Antonio Niño Díaz, 2008-2011, 2019, 2022
+// SPDX-FileContributor: Antonio Niño Díaz, 2008-2024
 //
 // This file is part of Nitro Engine
 
@@ -9,26 +9,32 @@
 #include "teapot_bin.h"
 #include "teapot.h"
 
-NE_Camera *Camera;
-NE_Model *Model;
-NE_Material *Material;
+typedef struct {
+    NE_Camera *Camera;
+    NE_Model *Model;
 
-int shading, alpha, id;
+    int shading, alpha, id;
+} SceneData;
 
-void Draw3DScene(void)
+void Draw3DScene(void *arg)
 {
+    SceneData *Scene = arg;
+
     // Set camera
-    NE_CameraUse(Camera);
+    NE_CameraUse(Scene->Camera);
 
     // Set polygon format
-    NE_PolyFormat(alpha, id, NE_LIGHT_0, NE_CULL_BACK, shading);
+    NE_PolyFormat(Scene->alpha, Scene->id, NE_LIGHT_0, NE_CULL_BACK,
+                  Scene->shading);
 
     // Draw model
-    NE_ModelDraw(Model);
+    NE_ModelDraw(Scene->Model);
 }
 
-int main(void)
+int main(int argc, char *argv[])
 {
+    SceneData Scene = { 0 };
+
     // This is needed for special screen effects
     irqEnable(IRQ_HBLANK);
     irqSet(IRQ_VBLANK, NE_VBLFunc);
@@ -43,25 +49,25 @@ int main(void)
     consoleDemoInit();
 
     // Allocate the objects we will use
-    Model = NE_ModelCreate(NE_Static);
-    Camera = NE_CameraCreate();
-    Material = NE_MaterialCreate();
+    Scene.Model = NE_ModelCreate(NE_Static);
+    Scene.Camera = NE_CameraCreate();
+    NE_Material *Material = NE_MaterialCreate();
 
     // Set camera coordinates
-    NE_CameraSet(Camera,
+    NE_CameraSet(Scene.Camera,
                  0, 0, -3,
                  0, 0, 0,
                  0, 1, 0);
 
     // Load mesh from RAM and assign it to a model
-    NE_ModelLoadStaticMesh(Model, teapot_bin);
-    // Load teapot from RAM and assign it to a material
-    NE_MaterialTexLoad(Material, NE_RGB5, 256, 256,
+    NE_ModelLoadStaticMesh(Scene.Model, teapot_bin);
+    // Load teapot texture from RAM and assign it to a material
+    NE_MaterialTexLoad(Material, NE_A1RGB5, 256, 256,
                        NE_TEXGEN_TEXCOORD | NE_TEXTURE_WRAP_S | NE_TEXTURE_WRAP_T,
                        teapotBitmap);
 
     // Assign material to the model
-    NE_ModelSetMaterial(Model, Material);
+    NE_ModelSetMaterial(Scene.Model, Material);
 
     // Set some properties to the material
     NE_MaterialSetProperties(Material,
@@ -75,7 +81,7 @@ int main(void)
     NE_LightSet(0, NE_White, -0.5, -0.5, -0.5);
 
     // This enables shading (you can choose normal or toon).
-    NE_ShadingEnable(true);
+    NE_SetupToonShadingTables(true);
     // This enables outlining in all polygons, so be careful
     NE_OutliningEnable(true);
 
@@ -98,35 +104,35 @@ int main(void)
 
         // Rotate model using the pad
         if (keys & KEY_UP)
-            NE_ModelRotate(Model, 0, 0, 2);
+            NE_ModelRotate(Scene.Model, 0, 0, 2);
         if (keys & KEY_DOWN)
-            NE_ModelRotate(Model, 0, 0, -2);
+            NE_ModelRotate(Scene.Model, 0, 0, -2);
         if (keys & KEY_RIGHT)
-            NE_ModelRotate(Model, 0, 2, 0);
+            NE_ModelRotate(Scene.Model, 0, 2, 0);
         if (keys & KEY_LEFT)
-            NE_ModelRotate(Model, 0, -2, 0);
+            NE_ModelRotate(Scene.Model, 0, -2, 0);
 
         // Change shading type
         if (keys & KEY_A)
-            shading = NE_TOON_HIGHLIGHT_SHADING;
+            Scene.shading = NE_TOON_HIGHLIGHT_SHADING;
         else
-            shading = NE_MODULATION;
+            Scene.shading = NE_MODULATION;
 
         if (keys & KEY_B)
-            alpha = 15; // Transparent
+            Scene.alpha = 15; // Transparent
         else if (keys & KEY_Y)
-            alpha = 0;  // Wireframe
+            Scene.alpha = 0;  // Wireframe
         else
-            alpha = 31; // Opaque
+            Scene.alpha = 31; // Opaque
 
         // Change polygon ID to change outlining color
         if (keys & KEY_X)
-            id = 8;
+            Scene.id = 8;
         else
-            id = 0;
+            Scene.id = 0;
 
         // Draw scene
-        NE_Process(Draw3DScene);
+        NE_ProcessArg(Draw3DScene, &Scene);
     }
 
     return 0;

examples/effects/specular_material/Makefile

@@ -1,220 +1,7 @@
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-.SUFFIXES:
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# This is a minimal makefile only used for the examples. If you want a makefile
+# for your project, take one from the templates inside examples/templates.
 
-ifeq ($(strip $(DEVKITARM)),)
-$(error "Please set DEVKITARM in your environment. export DEVKITARM=<path to>devkitARM")
-endif
+BINDIRS	:= data
+GFXDIRS	:= graphics
 
-include $(DEVKITARM)/ds_rules
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# TARGET is the name of the output
-# BUILD is the directory where object files & intermediate files will be placed
-# SOURCES is a list of directories containing source code
-# INCLUDES is a list of directories containing extra header files
-# DATA is a list of directories containing binary files embedded using bin2o
-# GRAPHICS is a list of directories containing image files to be converted with grit
-# AUDIO is a list of directories containing audio to be converted by maxmod
-# ICON is the image used to create the game icon, leave blank to use default rule
-# NITRO is a directory that will be accessible via NitroFS
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-TARGET   := $(shell basename $(CURDIR))
-BUILD    := build
-SOURCES  := source
-INCLUDES := include
-DATA     := data
-GRAPHICS := graphics
-AUDIO    :=
-ICON     :=
-
-# specify a directory which contains the nitro filesystem
-# this is relative to the Makefile
-NITRO    :=
-
-# These set the information text in the nds file
-GAME_TITLE     := $(shell basename $(CURDIR))
-GAME_SUBTITLE1 := Nitro Engine example
-GAME_SUBTITLE2 := github.com/AntonioND/nitro-engine
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# options for code generation
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-ARCH := -marm -mthumb-interwork -march=armv5te -mtune=arm946e-s
-
-CFLAGS   := -g -Wall -O3\
-            $(ARCH) $(INCLUDE) -DARM9
-CXXFLAGS := $(CFLAGS) -fno-rtti -fno-exceptions
-ASFLAGS  := -g $(ARCH)
-LDFLAGS   = -specs=ds_arm9.specs -g $(ARCH) -Wl,-Map,$(notdir $*.map)
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# any extra libraries we wish to link with the project (order is important)
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-LIBS := -lNE -lfat -lnds9
-
-# automatigically add libraries for NitroFS
-ifneq ($(strip $(NITRO)),)
-LIBS := -lfilesystem -lfat $(LIBS)
-endif
-# automagically add maxmod library
-ifneq ($(strip $(AUDIO)),)
-LIBS := -lmm9 $(LIBS)
-endif
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# list of directories containing libraries, this must be the top level containing
-# include and lib
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-LIBDIRS := $(LIBNDS) $(PORTLIBS) $(DEVKITPRO)/nitro-engine
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# no real need to edit anything past this point unless you need to add additional
-# rules for different file extensions
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-ifneq ($(BUILD),$(notdir $(CURDIR)))
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-export OUTPUT := $(CURDIR)/$(TARGET)
-
-export VPATH := $(CURDIR)/$(subst /,,$(dir $(ICON)))\
-                $(foreach dir,$(SOURCES),$(CURDIR)/$(dir))\
-                $(foreach dir,$(DATA),$(CURDIR)/$(dir))\
-                $(foreach dir,$(GRAPHICS),$(CURDIR)/$(dir))
-
-export DEPSDIR := $(CURDIR)/$(BUILD)
-
-CFILES   := $(foreach dir,$(SOURCES),$(notdir $(wildcard $(dir)/*.c)))
-CPPFILES := $(foreach dir,$(SOURCES),$(notdir $(wildcard $(dir)/*.cpp)))
-SFILES   := $(foreach dir,$(SOURCES),$(notdir $(wildcard $(dir)/*.s)))
-PNGFILES := $(foreach dir,$(GRAPHICS),$(notdir $(wildcard $(dir)/*.png)))
-BINFILES := $(foreach dir,$(DATA),$(notdir $(wildcard $(dir)/*.*)))
-
-# prepare NitroFS directory
-ifneq ($(strip $(NITRO)),)
-  export NITRO_FILES := $(CURDIR)/$(NITRO)
-endif
-
-# get audio list for maxmod
-ifneq ($(strip $(AUDIO)),)
-  export MODFILES	:=	$(foreach dir,$(notdir $(wildcard $(AUDIO)/*.*)),$(CURDIR)/$(AUDIO)/$(dir))
-
-  # place the soundbank file in NitroFS if using it
-  ifneq ($(strip $(NITRO)),)
-    export SOUNDBANK := $(NITRO_FILES)/soundbank.bin
-
-  # otherwise, needs to be loaded from memory
-  else
-    export SOUNDBANK := soundbank.bin
-    BINFILES += $(SOUNDBANK)
-  endif
-endif
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# use CXX for linking C++ projects, CC for standard C
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-ifeq ($(strip $(CPPFILES)),)
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-  export LD := $(CC)
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-else
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-  export LD := $(CXX)
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-endif
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-export OFILES_BIN   :=	$(addsuffix .o,$(BINFILES))
-
-export OFILES_SOURCES := $(CPPFILES:.cpp=.o) $(CFILES:.c=.o) $(SFILES:.s=.o)
-
-export OFILES := $(PNGFILES:.png=.o) $(OFILES_BIN) $(OFILES_SOURCES)
-
-export HFILES := $(PNGFILES:.png=.h) $(addsuffix .h,$(subst .,_,$(BINFILES)))
-
-export INCLUDE  := $(foreach dir,$(INCLUDES),-iquote $(CURDIR)/$(dir))\
-                   $(foreach dir,$(LIBDIRS),-I$(dir)/include)\
-                   -I$(CURDIR)/$(BUILD)
-export LIBPATHS := $(foreach dir,$(LIBDIRS),-L$(dir)/lib)
-
-ifeq ($(strip $(ICON)),)
-  icons := $(wildcard *.bmp)
-
-  ifneq (,$(findstring $(TARGET).bmp,$(icons)))
-    export GAME_ICON := $(CURDIR)/$(TARGET).bmp
-  else
-    ifneq (,$(findstring icon.bmp,$(icons)))
-      export GAME_ICON := $(CURDIR)/icon.bmp
-    endif
-  endif
-else
-  ifeq ($(suffix $(ICON)), .grf)
-    export GAME_ICON := $(CURDIR)/$(ICON)
-  else
-    export GAME_ICON := $(CURDIR)/$(BUILD)/$(notdir $(basename $(ICON))).grf
-  endif
-endif
-
-.PHONY: $(BUILD) clean
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-$(BUILD):
-	@mkdir -p $@
-	@$(MAKE) --no-print-directory -C $(BUILD) -f $(CURDIR)/Makefile
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-clean:
-	@echo clean ...
-	@rm -fr $(BUILD) $(TARGET).elf $(TARGET).nds $(SOUNDBANK)
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-else
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# main targets
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-$(OUTPUT).nds: $(OUTPUT).elf $(GAME_ICON)
-$(OUTPUT).elf: $(OFILES)
-
-# source files depend on generated headers
-$(OFILES_SOURCES) : $(HFILES)
-
-# need to build soundbank first
-$(OFILES): $(SOUNDBANK)
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# rule to build solution from music files
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-$(SOUNDBANK) : $(MODFILES)
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-	mmutil $^ -d -o$@ -hsoundbank.h
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-%.bin.o %_bin.h : %.bin
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-	@echo $(notdir $<)
-	@$(bin2o)
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# This rule creates assembly source files using grit
-# grit takes an image file and a .grit describing how the file is to be processed
-# add additional rules like this for each image extension
-# you use in the graphics folders
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-%.s %.h: %.png %.grit
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-	grit $< -fts -o$*
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Convert non-GRF game icon to GRF if needed
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-$(GAME_ICON): $(notdir $(ICON))
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-	@echo convert $(notdir $<)
-	@grit $< -g -gt -gB4 -gT FF00FF -m! -p -pe 16 -fh! -ftr
-
--include $(DEPSDIR)/*.d
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-endif
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+include ../../Makefile.example

examples/effects/specular_material/Makefile.blocksds

@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-# This is a minimal makefile only used for the examples. If you want a makefile
-# for your project, take one from the templates inside examples/templates.
-
-BINDIRS	:= data
-GFXDIRS	:= graphics
-
-include ../../Makefile.example.blocksds

examples/effects/specular_material/assets.sh

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #!/bin/sh
 
-NITRO_ENGINE=$DEVKITPRO/nitro-engine
+NITRO_ENGINE=../../..
 ASSETS=$NITRO_ENGINE/examples/assets
 TOOLS=$NITRO_ENGINE/tools
 OBJ2DL=$TOOLS/obj2dl/obj2dl.py

examples/effects/specular_material/source/main.c

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: CC0-1.0
 //
-// SPDX-FileContributor: Antonio Niño Díaz, 2008-2011, 2019, 2022
+// SPDX-FileContributor: Antonio Niño Díaz, 2008-2024
 //
 // This file is part of Nitro Engine
 
@@ -10,19 +10,22 @@
 #include "teapot_bin.h"
 #include "teapot.h"
 
-NE_Camera *Camera;
-NE_Model *ModelSpecular, *ModelDiffuse;
-NE_Material *MaterialSpecular, *MaterialDiffuse;
+typedef struct {
+    NE_Camera *Camera;
+    NE_Model *ModelSpecular, *ModelDiffuse;
 
-bool wireframe;
+    bool wireframe;
+} SceneData;
 
-void Draw3DScene1(void)
+void Draw3DScene1(void *arg)
 {
-    NE_CameraUse(Camera);
+    SceneData *Scene = arg;
 
-    NE_PolyFormat(wireframe ? 0 : 31, 0, NE_LIGHT_ALL, NE_CULL_BACK, 0);
+    NE_CameraUse(Scene->Camera);
 
-    NE_ModelDraw(ModelSpecular);
+    NE_PolyFormat(Scene->wireframe ? 0 : 31, 0, NE_LIGHT_ALL, NE_CULL_BACK, 0);
+
+    NE_ModelDraw(Scene->ModelSpecular);
 
     printf("\x1b[22;0H"
            "Polygon count: %d   \n"
@@ -31,17 +34,21 @@ void Draw3DScene1(void)
            NE_GetVertexCount());
 }
 
-void Draw3DScene2(void)
+void Draw3DScene2(void *arg)
 {
-    NE_CameraUse(Camera);
+    SceneData *Scene = arg;
 
-    NE_PolyFormat(wireframe ? 0 : 31, 0, NE_LIGHT_ALL, NE_CULL_BACK, 0);
+    NE_CameraUse(Scene->Camera);
 
-    NE_ModelDraw(ModelDiffuse);
+    NE_PolyFormat(Scene->wireframe ? 0 : 31, 0, NE_LIGHT_ALL, NE_CULL_BACK, 0);
+
+    NE_ModelDraw(Scene->ModelDiffuse);
 }
 
-int main(void)
+int main(int argc, char *argv[])
 {
+    SceneData Scene = { 0 };
+
     irqEnable(IRQ_HBLANK);
     irqSet(IRQ_VBLANK, NE_VBLFunc);
     irqSet(IRQ_HBLANK, NE_HBLFunc);
@@ -50,21 +57,21 @@ int main(void)
     NE_InitConsole();
 
     // Allocate objects
-    Camera = NE_CameraCreate();
-    ModelSpecular = NE_ModelCreate(NE_Static);
-    ModelDiffuse = NE_ModelCreate(NE_Static);
-    MaterialSpecular = NE_MaterialCreate();
-    MaterialDiffuse = NE_MaterialCreate();
+    Scene.Camera = NE_CameraCreate();
+    Scene.ModelSpecular = NE_ModelCreate(NE_Static);
+    Scene.ModelDiffuse = NE_ModelCreate(NE_Static);
+    NE_Material *MaterialSpecular = NE_MaterialCreate();
+    NE_Material *MaterialDiffuse = NE_MaterialCreate();
 
     // Setup camera
-    NE_CameraSet(Camera,
+    NE_CameraSet(Scene.Camera,
                  0, 0, 3,
                  0, 0, 0,
                  0, 1, 0);
 
     // Load model
-    NE_ModelLoadStaticMesh(ModelSpecular, (u32*)teapot_bin);
-    NE_ModelClone(ModelDiffuse, ModelSpecular);
+    NE_ModelLoadStaticMesh(Scene.ModelSpecular, teapot_bin);
+    NE_ModelClone(Scene.ModelDiffuse, Scene.ModelSpecular);
 
     // Load texture and clone it. The texture coordinates of the model are
     // outside of [0.0, 1.0], so it is needed to enable wrapping.
@@ -73,8 +80,8 @@ int main(void)
                        teapotBitmap);
     NE_MaterialClone(MaterialSpecular, MaterialDiffuse);
 
-    NE_ModelSetMaterial(ModelSpecular, MaterialSpecular);
-    NE_ModelSetMaterial(ModelDiffuse, MaterialDiffuse);
+    NE_ModelSetMaterial(Scene.ModelSpecular, MaterialSpecular);
+    NE_ModelSetMaterial(Scene.ModelDiffuse, MaterialDiffuse);
 
     // Set some properties to the materials
 
@@ -115,30 +122,30 @@ int main(void)
                "L/R: Change shininess\n");
 
         if (keys & KEY_A)
-            wireframe = true;
+            Scene.wireframe = true;
         else
-            wireframe = false;
+            Scene.wireframe = false;
 
         // Rotate model
         if (keys & KEY_UP)
         {
-            NE_ModelRotate(ModelSpecular, -2, 0, 0);
-            NE_ModelRotate(ModelDiffuse, -2, 0, 0);
+            NE_ModelRotate(Scene.ModelSpecular, -2, 0, 0);
+            NE_ModelRotate(Scene.ModelDiffuse, -2, 0, 0);
         }
         if (keys & KEY_DOWN)
         {
-            NE_ModelRotate(ModelSpecular, 2, 0, 0);
-            NE_ModelRotate(ModelDiffuse, 2, 0, 0);
+            NE_ModelRotate(Scene.ModelSpecular, 2, 0, 0);
+            NE_ModelRotate(Scene.ModelDiffuse, 2, 0, 0);
         }
         if (keys & KEY_RIGHT)
         {
-            NE_ModelRotate(ModelSpecular, 0, 2, 0);
-            NE_ModelRotate(ModelDiffuse, 0, 2, 0);
+            NE_ModelRotate(Scene.ModelSpecular, 0, 2, 0);
+            NE_ModelRotate(Scene.ModelDiffuse, 0, 2, 0);
         }
         if (keys & KEY_LEFT)
         {
-            NE_ModelRotate(ModelSpecular, 0, -2, 0);
-            NE_ModelRotate(ModelDiffuse, 0, -2, 0);
+            NE_ModelRotate(Scene.ModelSpecular, 0, -2, 0);
+            NE_ModelRotate(Scene.ModelDiffuse, 0, -2, 0);
         }
 
         // Shininess table
@@ -166,7 +173,7 @@ int main(void)
 
         NE_ShininessTableGenerate(shininess);
 
-        NE_ProcessDual(Draw3DScene1, Draw3DScene2);
+        NE_ProcessDualArg(Draw3DScene1, Draw3DScene2, &Scene, &Scene);
     }
 
     return 0;

examples/effects/volumetric_shadow/Makefile

@@ -4,4 +4,4 @@
 BINDIRS	:= data
 GFXDIRS	:= graphics
 
-include ../../Makefile.example.blocksds
+include ../../Makefile.example

examples/effects/volumetric_shadow/assets.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+NITRO_ENGINE=../../..
+ASSETS=$NITRO_ENGINE/examples/assets
+TOOLS=$NITRO_ENGINE/tools
+OBJ2DL=$TOOLS/obj2dl/obj2dl.py
+
+rm -rf data
+mkdir -p data
+
+python3 $OBJ2DL \
+    --input $ASSETS/teapot.obj \
+    --output data/teapot.bin \
+    --texture 256 256 \
+    --scale 0.1

examples/effects/volumetric_shadow/graphics/teapot.grit

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+# 16-bit palette, no transparency
+-gx -gb -gB16 -gT!

examples/effects/volumetric_shadow/source/main.c

@@ -0,0 +1,277 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: CC0-1.0
+//
+// SPDX-FileContributor: Antonio Niño Díaz, 2024
+//
+// This file is part of Nitro Engine
+
+#include <NEMain.h>
+
+#include "teapot_bin.h"
+#include "teapot.h"
+
+typedef struct {
+    NE_Camera *Camera;
+    NE_Model *Teapot;
+    NE_Material *Material;
+
+    bool draw_edges;
+} SceneData;
+
+void DrawFloor(void)
+{
+    NE_PolyNormal(0, -0.97, 0);
+
+    NE_PolyBegin(GL_QUAD);
+
+        NE_PolyTexCoord(0, 0);
+        NE_PolyVertex(-10, 0, -10);
+
+        NE_PolyTexCoord(0, 256);
+        NE_PolyVertex(-10, 0, 10);
+
+        NE_PolyTexCoord(256, 256);
+        NE_PolyVertex(10, 0, 10);
+
+        NE_PolyTexCoord(256, 0);
+        NE_PolyVertex(10, 0, -10);
+
+    NE_PolyEnd();
+}
+
+void DrawLid(void)
+{
+    NE_PolyNormal(0, -0.97, 0);
+
+    NE_PolyBegin(GL_QUAD);
+
+        NE_PolyTexCoord(0, 0);
+        NE_PolyVertex(-0.75, 3, -0.75);
+
+        NE_PolyTexCoord(0, 256);
+        NE_PolyVertex(-0.75, 3,  0.75);
+
+        NE_PolyTexCoord(256, 256);
+        NE_PolyVertex( 0.75, 3,  0.75);
+
+        NE_PolyTexCoord(256, 0);
+        NE_PolyVertex( 0.75, 3, -0.75);
+
+    NE_PolyEnd();
+}
+
+void DrawShadowVolume(void)
+{
+    // Lid
+
+    NE_PolyBegin(GL_QUAD);
+
+        NE_PolyVertex(-0.75, 3, -0.75);
+        NE_PolyVertex(-0.75, 3,  0.75);
+        NE_PolyVertex( 0.75, 3,  0.75);
+        NE_PolyVertex( 0.75, 3, -0.75);
+
+    NE_PolyEnd();
+
+    // Walls
+
+    NE_PolyBegin(GL_QUAD_STRIP);
+
+        NE_PolyVertex(-0.75, 3, -0.75);
+        NE_PolyVertex(-0.75, 0, -0.75);
+        NE_PolyVertex(-0.75, 3,  0.75);
+        NE_PolyVertex(-0.75, 0,  0.75);
+
+        NE_PolyVertex( 0.75, 3,  0.75);
+        NE_PolyVertex( 0.75, 0,  0.75);
+
+        NE_PolyVertex( 0.75, 3, -0.75);
+        NE_PolyVertex( 0.75, 0, -0.75);
+
+        NE_PolyVertex(-0.75, 3, -0.75);
+        NE_PolyVertex(-0.75, 0, -0.75);
+
+    NE_PolyEnd();
+
+    // Bottom
+
+    NE_PolyBegin(GL_QUAD);
+
+        NE_PolyVertex(-0.75, 0, -0.75);
+        NE_PolyVertex(-0.75, 0,  0.75);
+        NE_PolyVertex( 0.75, 0,  0.75);
+        NE_PolyVertex( 0.75, 0, -0.75);
+
+    NE_PolyEnd();
+}
+
+void Draw3DSceneBright(void *arg)
+{
+    NE_LightSet(0, NE_White, 0, -0.97, -0.0);
+
+    SceneData *Scene = arg;
+
+    // Set camera
+    NE_CameraUse(Scene->Camera);
+
+    // Set polygon format for regular models
+    NE_PolyFormat(31, 0, NE_LIGHT_0, NE_CULL_BACK, NE_MODULATION);
+
+    // Draw regular models
+    NE_ModelDraw(Scene->Teapot);
+
+    NE_MaterialUse(Scene->Material);
+    DrawFloor();
+    DrawLid();
+
+    // Draw shadow volume as a black volume (shadow)
+    NE_MaterialUse(NULL);
+    NE_PolyColor(NE_Black);
+
+    if (Scene->draw_edges)
+    {
+        // Draw the shadow volume in wireframe mode to see where it is
+        NE_PolyFormat(0, 0, 0, NE_CULL_NONE, NE_MODULATION);
+        DrawShadowVolume();
+    }
+
+    NE_PolyFormat(1, 0, 0, NE_CULL_NONE, NE_SHADOW_POLYGONS);
+    DrawShadowVolume();
+
+    NE_PolyFormat(20, 63, 0, NE_CULL_NONE, NE_SHADOW_POLYGONS);
+    DrawShadowVolume();
+}
+
+void Draw3DSceneDark(void *arg)
+{
+    NE_LightSet(0, RGB15(8, 8, 8), 0, -0.97, -0.0);
+
+    SceneData *Scene = arg;
+
+    // Set camera
+    NE_CameraUse(Scene->Camera);
+
+    // Set polygon format for regular models
+    NE_PolyFormat(31, 0, NE_LIGHT_0, NE_CULL_BACK, NE_MODULATION);
+
+    // Draw regular models
+    NE_ModelDraw(Scene->Teapot);
+
+    NE_MaterialUse(Scene->Material);
+    DrawFloor();
+    DrawLid();
+
+    // Draw shadow volume as a yellow volume (light)
+    NE_MaterialUse(NULL);
+    NE_PolyColor(RGB15(15, 15, 0));
+
+    if (Scene->draw_edges)
+    {
+        // Draw the shadow volume in wireframe mode to see where it is
+        NE_PolyFormat(0, 0, 0, NE_CULL_NONE, NE_MODULATION);
+        DrawShadowVolume();
+    }
+
+    NE_PolyFormat(1, 0, 0, NE_CULL_NONE, NE_SHADOW_POLYGONS);
+    DrawShadowVolume();
+
+    NE_PolyFormat(20, 63, 0, NE_CULL_NONE, NE_SHADOW_POLYGONS);
+    DrawShadowVolume();
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[])
+{
+    SceneData Scene = { 0 };
+
+    // This is needed for special screen effects
+    irqEnable(IRQ_HBLANK);
+    irqSet(IRQ_VBLANK, NE_VBLFunc);
+    irqSet(IRQ_VBLANK, NE_HBLFunc);
+
+    // Init console and Nitro Engine
+    NE_InitDual3D();
+    NE_InitConsole();
+
+    // Setup camera
+    Scene.Camera = NE_CameraCreate();
+    NE_CameraSet(Scene.Camera,
+                 0, 3.25, -3.25,
+                 0, 1.25, 0,
+                 0, 1, 0);
+
+    // Load teapot and texture
+    {
+        Scene.Teapot = NE_ModelCreate(NE_Static);
+        Scene.Material = NE_MaterialCreate();
+
+        // Load mesh from RAM and assign it to a model
+        NE_ModelLoadStaticMesh(Scene.Teapot, teapot_bin);
+
+        // Load teapot texture from RAM and assign it to a material
+        NE_MaterialTexLoad(Scene.Material, NE_A1RGB5, 256, 256,
+                           NE_TEXGEN_TEXCOORD | NE_TEXTURE_WRAP_S | NE_TEXTURE_WRAP_T,
+                           teapotBitmap);
+
+        // Assign material to the model
+        NE_ModelSetMaterial(Scene.Teapot, Scene.Material);
+
+        // Set some properties to the material
+        NE_MaterialSetProperties(Scene.Material,
+                        RGB15(24, 24, 24), // Diffuse
+                        RGB15(8, 8, 8),    // Ambient
+                        RGB15(0, 0, 0),    // Specular
+                        RGB15(0, 0, 0),    // Emission
+                        false, false);     // Vertex color, use shininess table
+
+        // Set initial position of the object
+        NE_ModelSetCoordI(Scene.Teapot,
+                          floattof32(0), floattof32(1.5), floattof32(0));
+    }
+
+    printf("\x1b[0;0H"
+           "ABXY:    Rotate\n"
+           "Pad:     Move\n"
+           "SELECT:  Show edges of shadow\n"
+           "START:   Exit to loader\n");
+
+    while (1)
+    {
+        NE_WaitForVBL(0);
+
+        // Refresh keys
+        scanKeys();
+        uint32_t keys = keysHeld();
+
+        // Move model using the pad
+        if (keys & KEY_UP)
+            NE_ModelTranslate(Scene.Teapot, 0, 0, 0.05);
+        if (keys & KEY_DOWN)
+            NE_ModelTranslate(Scene.Teapot, 0, 0, -0.05);
+        if (keys & KEY_RIGHT)
+            NE_ModelTranslate(Scene.Teapot, -0.05, 0, 0);
+        if (keys & KEY_LEFT)
+            NE_ModelTranslate(Scene.Teapot, 0.05, 0, 0);
+
+        // Rotate model using the pad
+        if (keys & KEY_Y)
+            NE_ModelRotate(Scene.Teapot, 0, 0, 2);
+        if (keys & KEY_B)
+            NE_ModelRotate(Scene.Teapot, 0, 0, -2);
+        if (keys & KEY_X)
+            NE_ModelRotate(Scene.Teapot, 0, 2, 0);
+        if (keys & KEY_A)
+            NE_ModelRotate(Scene.Teapot, 0, -2, 0);
+
+        if (keys & KEY_SELECT)
+            Scene.draw_edges = true;
+        else
+            Scene.draw_edges = false;
+
+        if (keys & KEY_START)
+            break;
+
+        // Draw Scene
+        NE_ProcessDualArg(Draw3DSceneBright, Draw3DSceneDark, &Scene, &Scene);
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}

examples/loading/Makefile

@@ -1,5 +1,25 @@
-SUBDIRS:= `ls`
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: CC0-1.0
+#
+# SPDX-FileContributor: Antonio Niño Díaz, 2023-2024
+
+.PHONY: all clean
+
+MAKE	:= make
+
 all:
-	@for i in $(SUBDIRS); do if test -e $$i/Makefile ; then $(MAKE) -C $$i || { exit 1;} fi; done;
+	@for i in `ls`; do \
+		if test -e $$i/Makefile ; then \
+			cd $$i; \
+			$(MAKE) --no-print-directory || exit 1 ; \
+			cd ..; \
+		fi; \
+	done;
+
 clean:
-	@for i in $(SUBDIRS); do if test -e $$i/Makefile ; then $(MAKE)  -C $$i clean || { exit 1;} fi; done;
+	@for i in `ls`; do \
+		if test -e $$i/Makefile ; then \
+			cd $$i; \
+			$(MAKE) clean --no-print-directory || exit 1 ; \
+			cd ..; \
+		fi; \
+	done;

examples/loading/Makefile.blocksds

@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: CC0-1.0
-#
-# SPDX-FileContributor: Antonio Niño Díaz, 2023
-
-.PHONY: all clean
-
-MAKE	:= make
-
-all:
-	@for i in `ls`; do \
-		if test -e $$i/Makefile.blocksds ; then \
-			cd $$i; \
-			$(MAKE) -f Makefile.blocksds --no-print-directory || { exit 1;}; \
-			cd ..; \
-		fi; \
-	done;
-
-clean:
-	@for i in `ls`; do \
-		if test -e $$i/Makefile.blocksds ; then \
-			cd $$i; \
-			$(MAKE) -f Makefile.blocksds clean --no-print-directory || { exit 1;}; \
-			cd ..; \
-		fi; \
-	done;

examples/loading/animated_model/Makefile

@@ -1,220 +1,7 @@
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-.SUFFIXES:
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# This is a minimal makefile only used for the examples. If you want a makefile
+# for your project, take one from the templates inside examples/templates.
 
-ifeq ($(strip $(DEVKITARM)),)
-$(error "Please set DEVKITARM in your environment. export DEVKITARM=<path to>devkitARM")
-endif
+BINDIRS	:= data
+GFXDIRS	:= graphics
 
-include $(DEVKITARM)/ds_rules
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# TARGET is the name of the output
-# BUILD is the directory where object files & intermediate files will be placed
-# SOURCES is a list of directories containing source code
-# INCLUDES is a list of directories containing extra header files
-# DATA is a list of directories containing binary files embedded using bin2o
-# GRAPHICS is a list of directories containing image files to be converted with grit
-# AUDIO is a list of directories containing audio to be converted by maxmod
-# ICON is the image used to create the game icon, leave blank to use default rule
-# NITRO is a directory that will be accessible via NitroFS
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-TARGET   := $(shell basename $(CURDIR))
-BUILD    := build
-SOURCES  := source
-INCLUDES := include
-DATA     := data
-GRAPHICS := graphics
-AUDIO    :=
-ICON     :=
-
-# specify a directory which contains the nitro filesystem
-# this is relative to the Makefile
-NITRO    :=
-
-# These set the information text in the nds file
-GAME_TITLE     := $(shell basename $(CURDIR))
-GAME_SUBTITLE1 := Nitro Engine example
-GAME_SUBTITLE2 := github.com/AntonioND/nitro-engine
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# options for code generation
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-ARCH := -marm -mthumb-interwork -march=armv5te -mtune=arm946e-s
-
-CFLAGS   := -g -Wall -O3\
-            $(ARCH) $(INCLUDE) -DARM9
-CXXFLAGS := $(CFLAGS) -fno-rtti -fno-exceptions
-ASFLAGS  := -g $(ARCH)
-LDFLAGS   = -specs=ds_arm9.specs -g $(ARCH) -Wl,-Map,$(notdir $*.map)
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# any extra libraries we wish to link with the project (order is important)
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-LIBS := -lNE -lfat -lnds9
-
-# automatigically add libraries for NitroFS
-ifneq ($(strip $(NITRO)),)
-LIBS := -lfilesystem -lfat $(LIBS)
-endif
-# automagically add maxmod library
-ifneq ($(strip $(AUDIO)),)
-LIBS := -lmm9 $(LIBS)
-endif
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# list of directories containing libraries, this must be the top level containing
-# include and lib
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-LIBDIRS := $(LIBNDS) $(PORTLIBS) $(DEVKITPRO)/nitro-engine
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# no real need to edit anything past this point unless you need to add additional
-# rules for different file extensions
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-ifneq ($(BUILD),$(notdir $(CURDIR)))
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-export OUTPUT := $(CURDIR)/$(TARGET)
-
-export VPATH := $(CURDIR)/$(subst /,,$(dir $(ICON)))\
-                $(foreach dir,$(SOURCES),$(CURDIR)/$(dir))\
-                $(foreach dir,$(DATA),$(CURDIR)/$(dir))\
-                $(foreach dir,$(GRAPHICS),$(CURDIR)/$(dir))
-
-export DEPSDIR := $(CURDIR)/$(BUILD)
-
-CFILES   := $(foreach dir,$(SOURCES),$(notdir $(wildcard $(dir)/*.c)))
-CPPFILES := $(foreach dir,$(SOURCES),$(notdir $(wildcard $(dir)/*.cpp)))
-SFILES   := $(foreach dir,$(SOURCES),$(notdir $(wildcard $(dir)/*.s)))
-PNGFILES := $(foreach dir,$(GRAPHICS),$(notdir $(wildcard $(dir)/*.png)))
-BINFILES := $(foreach dir,$(DATA),$(notdir $(wildcard $(dir)/*.*)))
-
-# prepare NitroFS directory
-ifneq ($(strip $(NITRO)),)
-  export NITRO_FILES := $(CURDIR)/$(NITRO)
-endif
-
-# get audio list for maxmod
-ifneq ($(strip $(AUDIO)),)
-  export MODFILES	:=	$(foreach dir,$(notdir $(wildcard $(AUDIO)/*.*)),$(CURDIR)/$(AUDIO)/$(dir))
-
-  # place the soundbank file in NitroFS if using it
-  ifneq ($(strip $(NITRO)),)
-    export SOUNDBANK := $(NITRO_FILES)/soundbank.bin
-
-  # otherwise, needs to be loaded from memory
-  else
-    export SOUNDBANK := soundbank.bin
-    BINFILES += $(SOUNDBANK)
-  endif
-endif
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# use CXX for linking C++ projects, CC for standard C
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-ifeq ($(strip $(CPPFILES)),)
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-  export LD := $(CC)
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-else
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-  export LD := $(CXX)
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-endif
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-export OFILES_BIN   :=	$(addsuffix .o,$(BINFILES))
-
-export OFILES_SOURCES := $(CPPFILES:.cpp=.o) $(CFILES:.c=.o) $(SFILES:.s=.o)
-
-export OFILES := $(PNGFILES:.png=.o) $(OFILES_BIN) $(OFILES_SOURCES)
-
-export HFILES := $(PNGFILES:.png=.h) $(addsuffix .h,$(subst .,_,$(BINFILES)))
-
-export INCLUDE  := $(foreach dir,$(INCLUDES),-iquote $(CURDIR)/$(dir))\
-                   $(foreach dir,$(LIBDIRS),-I$(dir)/include)\
-                   -I$(CURDIR)/$(BUILD)
-export LIBPATHS := $(foreach dir,$(LIBDIRS),-L$(dir)/lib)
-
-ifeq ($(strip $(ICON)),)
-  icons := $(wildcard *.bmp)
-
-  ifneq (,$(findstring $(TARGET).bmp,$(icons)))
-    export GAME_ICON := $(CURDIR)/$(TARGET).bmp
-  else
-    ifneq (,$(findstring icon.bmp,$(icons)))
-      export GAME_ICON := $(CURDIR)/icon.bmp
-    endif
-  endif
-else
-  ifeq ($(suffix $(ICON)), .grf)
-    export GAME_ICON := $(CURDIR)/$(ICON)
-  else
-    export GAME_ICON := $(CURDIR)/$(BUILD)/$(notdir $(basename $(ICON))).grf
-  endif
-endif
-
-.PHONY: $(BUILD) clean
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-$(BUILD):
-	@mkdir -p $@
-	@$(MAKE) --no-print-directory -C $(BUILD) -f $(CURDIR)/Makefile
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-clean:
-	@echo clean ...
-	@rm -fr $(BUILD) $(TARGET).elf $(TARGET).nds $(SOUNDBANK)
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-else
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# main targets
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-$(OUTPUT).nds: $(OUTPUT).elf $(GAME_ICON)
-$(OUTPUT).elf: $(OFILES)
-
-# source files depend on generated headers
-$(OFILES_SOURCES) : $(HFILES)
-
-# need to build soundbank first
-$(OFILES): $(SOUNDBANK)
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# rule to build solution from music files
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-$(SOUNDBANK) : $(MODFILES)
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-	mmutil $^ -d -o$@ -hsoundbank.h
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-%.bin.o %_bin.h : %.bin
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-	@echo $(notdir $<)
-	@$(bin2o)
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# This rule creates assembly source files using grit
-# grit takes an image file and a .grit describing how the file is to be processed
-# add additional rules like this for each image extension
-# you use in the graphics folders
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-%.s %.h: %.png %.grit
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-	grit $< -fts -o$*
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Convert non-GRF game icon to GRF if needed
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-$(GAME_ICON): $(notdir $(ICON))
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-	@echo convert $(notdir $<)
-	@grit $< -g -gt -gB4 -gT FF00FF -m! -p -pe 16 -fh! -ftr
-
--include $(DEPSDIR)/*.d
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-endif
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+include ../../Makefile.example

examples/loading/animated_model/assets.sh

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #!/bin/sh
 
-NITRO_ENGINE=$DEVKITPRO/nitro-engine
+NITRO_ENGINE=../../..
 ASSETS=$NITRO_ENGINE/examples/assets
 TOOLS=$NITRO_ENGINE/tools
 MD5_TO_DSMA=$TOOLS/md5_to_dsma/md5_to_dsma.py

examples/loading/animated_model/source/main.c

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: CC0-1.0
 //
-// SPDX-FileContributor: Antonio Niño Díaz, 2008-2011, 2019, 2022
+// SPDX-FileContributor: Antonio Niño Díaz, 2008-2024
 //
 // This file is part of Nitro Engine
 
@@ -10,22 +10,26 @@
 #include "robot_wave_dsa_bin.h"
 #include "texture.h"
 
-NE_Camera *Camera;
-NE_Model *Model;
-NE_Animation *Animation;
-NE_Material *Texture;
+typedef struct {
+    NE_Camera *Camera;
+    NE_Model *Model;
+} SceneData;
 
-void Draw3DScene(void)
+void Draw3DScene(void *arg)
 {
+    SceneData *Scene = arg;
+
     NE_PolyFormat(31, 0, NE_LIGHT_0, NE_CULL_BACK, 0);
 
-    NE_CameraUse(Camera);
+    NE_CameraUse(Scene->Camera);
 
-    NE_ModelDraw(Model);
+    NE_ModelDraw(Scene->Model);
 }
 
-int main(void)
+int main(int argc, char *argv[])
 {
+    SceneData Scene = { 0 };
+
     irqEnable(IRQ_HBLANK);
     irqSet(IRQ_VBLANK, NE_VBLFunc);
     irqSet(IRQ_HBLANK, NE_HBLFunc);
@@ -33,25 +37,25 @@ int main(void)
     NE_Init3D();
     NE_InitConsole();
 
-    Camera = NE_CameraCreate();
-    Model = NE_ModelCreate(NE_Animated);
-    Animation = NE_AnimationCreate();
+    Scene.Camera = NE_CameraCreate();
+    Scene.Model = NE_ModelCreate(NE_Animated);
+    NE_Animation *Animation = NE_AnimationCreate();
 
     NE_AnimationLoad(Animation, robot_wave_dsa_bin);
-    NE_ModelLoadDSM(Model, robot_dsm_bin);
-    NE_ModelSetAnimation(Model, Animation);
-    NE_ModelAnimStart(Model, NE_ANIM_LOOP, floattof32(0.1));
+    NE_ModelLoadDSM(Scene.Model, robot_dsm_bin);
+    NE_ModelSetAnimation(Scene.Model, Animation);
+    NE_ModelAnimStart(Scene.Model, NE_ANIM_LOOP, floattof32(0.1));
 
-    NE_CameraSet(Camera,
+    NE_CameraSet(Scene.Camera,
                  6, 3, -4,
                  0, 3, 0,
                  0, 1, 0);
 
-    Texture = NE_MaterialCreate();
+    NE_Material *Texture = NE_MaterialCreate();
     NE_MaterialTexLoad(Texture, NE_A1RGB5, 256, 256, NE_TEXGEN_TEXCOORD,
                        textureBitmap);
 
-    NE_ModelSetMaterial(Model, Texture);
+    NE_ModelSetMaterial(Scene.Model, Texture);
 
     NE_LightSet(0, NE_White, -0.9, 0, 0);
     NE_ClearColorSet(NE_Black, 31, 63);
@@ -64,19 +68,20 @@ int main(void)
         uint32_t keys = keysHeld();
 
         if (keys & KEY_RIGHT)
-            NE_ModelRotate(Model,0,2,0);
+            NE_ModelRotate(Scene.Model, 0, 2, 0);
         if (keys & KEY_LEFT)
-            NE_ModelRotate(Model,0,-2,0);
+            NE_ModelRotate(Scene.Model, 0, -2, 0);
         if (keys & KEY_UP)
-            NE_ModelRotate(Model,0,0,2);
+            NE_ModelRotate(Scene.Model, 0, 0, 2);
         if (keys & KEY_DOWN)
-            NE_ModelRotate(Model,0,0,-2);
+            NE_ModelRotate(Scene.Model, 0, 0, -2);
 
         printf("\x1b[0;0H"
                "CPU%%: %d  \nFrame: %.3f  ",
-               NE_GetCPUPercent(), f32tofloat(NE_ModelAnimGetFrame(Model)));
+               NE_GetCPUPercent(),
+               f32tofloat(NE_ModelAnimGetFrame(Scene.Model)));
 
-        NE_Process(Draw3DScene);
+        NE_ProcessArg(Draw3DScene, &Scene);
     }
 
     return 0;

examples/loading/assign_transform_matrix/Makefile

@@ -3,4 +3,4 @@
 
 BINDIRS	:= data
 
-include ../../Makefile.example.blocksds
+include ../../Makefile.example

examples/loading/assign_transform_matrix/assets.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+NITRO_ENGINE=../../..
+ASSETS=$NITRO_ENGINE/examples/assets
+TOOLS=$NITRO_ENGINE/tools
+OBJ2DL=$TOOLS/obj2dl/obj2dl.py
+
+mkdir -p data
+
+python3 $OBJ2DL \
+    --input $ASSETS/sphere.obj \
+    --output data/sphere.bin \
+    --texture 32 32

examples/loading/assign_transform_matrix/source/main.c

@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: CC0-1.0
+//
+// SPDX-FileContributor: Antonio Niño Díaz, 2008-2024
+//
+// This file is part of Nitro Engine
+
+//  TODO
+
+#include <NEMain.h>
+
+#include "sphere_bin.h"
+
+typedef struct {
+    NE_Camera *Camera;
+    NE_Model *ModelWithoutMatrix;
+    NE_Model *ModelWithMatrix;
+} SceneData;
+
+void Draw3DScene(void *arg)
+{
+    SceneData *Scene = arg;
+
+    NE_CameraUse(Scene->Camera);
+
+    NE_ModelDraw(Scene->ModelWithoutMatrix);
+    NE_ModelDraw(Scene->ModelWithMatrix);
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[])
+{
+    SceneData Scene = { 0 };
+
+    irqEnable(IRQ_HBLANK);
+    irqSet(IRQ_VBLANK, NE_VBLFunc);
+    irqSet(IRQ_HBLANK, NE_HBLFunc);
+
+    // Init Nitro Engine.
+    NE_Init3D();
+    // libnds uses VRAM_C for the text console, reserve A and B only
+    NE_TextureSystemReset(0, 0, NE_VRAM_AB);
+    // Init console in non-3D screen
+    consoleDemoInit();
+
+    // Allocate space for everything.
+    Scene.ModelWithoutMatrix = NE_ModelCreate(NE_Static);
+    Scene.ModelWithMatrix = NE_ModelCreate(NE_Static);
+
+    Scene.Camera = NE_CameraCreate();
+
+    // Setup camera
+    NE_CameraSet(Scene.Camera,
+                 0, 0, 3,
+                 0, 0, 0,
+                 0, 1, 0);
+
+    // Load models
+    NE_ModelLoadStaticMesh(Scene.ModelWithoutMatrix, sphere_bin);
+    NE_ModelLoadStaticMesh(Scene.ModelWithMatrix, sphere_bin);
+
+    // Set up light
+    NE_LightSet(0, NE_Yellow, 0, -0.5, -0.5);
+
+    // Set start coordinates/rotation of the models
+    NE_ModelSetCoord(Scene.ModelWithoutMatrix, -1, 0, 0);
+
+    // Transformation matrix we are going to use for a model. Note that this
+    // matrix is transposed compared to what most 3D documentation describes.
+    m4x3 matrix = {{
+        // 3x3 transformation
+        inttof32(1), 0,                     0,
+        0,           inttof32(1),           0,
+        0,                     0, inttof32(1),
+        // Translation vector
+        inttof32(2),           0,           0
+    }};
+
+    int translation = inttof32(2);
+
+    printf("The right ball uses a matrix\n"
+           "assigned by the user, the left\n"
+           "one has rotation managed by\n"
+           "Nitro Engine.");
+
+    while (1)
+    {
+        NE_WaitForVBL(0);
+
+        // Rotate the first model
+        NE_ModelRotate(Scene.ModelWithoutMatrix, -1, 2, 1);
+
+        // Update matrix manually
+        translation += floattof32(0.05);
+        if (translation > inttof32(3))
+            translation = inttof32(1);
+        matrix.m[9] = translation;
+
+        // Assign matrix again
+        NE_ModelSetMatrix(Scene.ModelWithMatrix, &matrix);
+
+        // Draw scene
+        NE_ProcessArg(Draw3DScene, &Scene);
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}

examples/loading/clone_models/Makefile

@@ -1,220 +1,6 @@
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-.SUFFIXES:
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# This is a minimal makefile only used for the examples. If you want a makefile
+# for your project, take one from the templates inside examples/templates.
 
-ifeq ($(strip $(DEVKITARM)),)
-$(error "Please set DEVKITARM in your environment. export DEVKITARM=<path to>devkitARM")
-endif
+BINDIRS	:= data
 
-include $(DEVKITARM)/ds_rules
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# TARGET is the name of the output
-# BUILD is the directory where object files & intermediate files will be placed
-# SOURCES is a list of directories containing source code
-# INCLUDES is a list of directories containing extra header files
-# DATA is a list of directories containing binary files embedded using bin2o
-# GRAPHICS is a list of directories containing image files to be converted with grit
-# AUDIO is a list of directories containing audio to be converted by maxmod
-# ICON is the image used to create the game icon, leave blank to use default rule
-# NITRO is a directory that will be accessible via NitroFS
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-TARGET   := $(shell basename $(CURDIR))
-BUILD    := build
-SOURCES  := source
-INCLUDES := include
-DATA     := data
-GRAPHICS :=
-AUDIO    :=
-ICON     :=
-
-# specify a directory which contains the nitro filesystem
-# this is relative to the Makefile
-NITRO    :=
-
-# These set the information text in the nds file
-GAME_TITLE     := $(shell basename $(CURDIR))
-GAME_SUBTITLE1 := Nitro Engine example
-GAME_SUBTITLE2 := github.com/AntonioND/nitro-engine
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# options for code generation
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-ARCH := -marm -mthumb-interwork -march=armv5te -mtune=arm946e-s
-
-CFLAGS   := -g -Wall -O3\
-            $(ARCH) $(INCLUDE) -DARM9
-CXXFLAGS := $(CFLAGS) -fno-rtti -fno-exceptions
-ASFLAGS  := -g $(ARCH)
-LDFLAGS   = -specs=ds_arm9.specs -g $(ARCH) -Wl,-Map,$(notdir $*.map)
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# any extra libraries we wish to link with the project (order is important)
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-LIBS := -lNE -lfat -lnds9
-
-# automatigically add libraries for NitroFS
-ifneq ($(strip $(NITRO)),)
-LIBS := -lfilesystem -lfat $(LIBS)
-endif
-# automagically add maxmod library
-ifneq ($(strip $(AUDIO)),)
-LIBS := -lmm9 $(LIBS)
-endif
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# list of directories containing libraries, this must be the top level containing
-# include and lib
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-LIBDIRS := $(LIBNDS) $(PORTLIBS) $(DEVKITPRO)/nitro-engine
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# no real need to edit anything past this point unless you need to add additional
-# rules for different file extensions
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-ifneq ($(BUILD),$(notdir $(CURDIR)))
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-export OUTPUT := $(CURDIR)/$(TARGET)
-
-export VPATH := $(CURDIR)/$(subst /,,$(dir $(ICON)))\
-                $(foreach dir,$(SOURCES),$(CURDIR)/$(dir))\
-                $(foreach dir,$(DATA),$(CURDIR)/$(dir))\
-                $(foreach dir,$(GRAPHICS),$(CURDIR)/$(dir))
-
-export DEPSDIR := $(CURDIR)/$(BUILD)
-
-CFILES   := $(foreach dir,$(SOURCES),$(notdir $(wildcard $(dir)/*.c)))
-CPPFILES := $(foreach dir,$(SOURCES),$(notdir $(wildcard $(dir)/*.cpp)))
-SFILES   := $(foreach dir,$(SOURCES),$(notdir $(wildcard $(dir)/*.s)))
-PNGFILES := $(foreach dir,$(GRAPHICS),$(notdir $(wildcard $(dir)/*.png)))
-BINFILES := $(foreach dir,$(DATA),$(notdir $(wildcard $(dir)/*.*)))
-
-# prepare NitroFS directory
-ifneq ($(strip $(NITRO)),)
-  export NITRO_FILES := $(CURDIR)/$(NITRO)
-endif
-
-# get audio list for maxmod
-ifneq ($(strip $(AUDIO)),)
-  export MODFILES	:=	$(foreach dir,$(notdir $(wildcard $(AUDIO)/*.*)),$(CURDIR)/$(AUDIO)/$(dir))
-
-  # place the soundbank file in NitroFS if using it
-  ifneq ($(strip $(NITRO)),)
-    export SOUNDBANK := $(NITRO_FILES)/soundbank.bin
-
-  # otherwise, needs to be loaded from memory
-  else
-    export SOUNDBANK := soundbank.bin
-    BINFILES += $(SOUNDBANK)
-  endif
-endif
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# use CXX for linking C++ projects, CC for standard C
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-ifeq ($(strip $(CPPFILES)),)
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-  export LD := $(CC)
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-else
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-  export LD := $(CXX)
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-endif
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-export OFILES_BIN   :=	$(addsuffix .o,$(BINFILES))
-
-export OFILES_SOURCES := $(CPPFILES:.cpp=.o) $(CFILES:.c=.o) $(SFILES:.s=.o)
-
-export OFILES := $(PNGFILES:.png=.o) $(OFILES_BIN) $(OFILES_SOURCES)
-
-export HFILES := $(PNGFILES:.png=.h) $(addsuffix .h,$(subst .,_,$(BINFILES)))
-
-export INCLUDE  := $(foreach dir,$(INCLUDES),-iquote $(CURDIR)/$(dir))\
-                   $(foreach dir,$(LIBDIRS),-I$(dir)/include)\
-                   -I$(CURDIR)/$(BUILD)
-export LIBPATHS := $(foreach dir,$(LIBDIRS),-L$(dir)/lib)
-
-ifeq ($(strip $(ICON)),)
-  icons := $(wildcard *.bmp)
-
-  ifneq (,$(findstring $(TARGET).bmp,$(icons)))
-    export GAME_ICON := $(CURDIR)/$(TARGET).bmp
-  else
-    ifneq (,$(findstring icon.bmp,$(icons)))
-      export GAME_ICON := $(CURDIR)/icon.bmp
-    endif
-  endif
-else
-  ifeq ($(suffix $(ICON)), .grf)
-    export GAME_ICON := $(CURDIR)/$(ICON)
-  else
-    export GAME_ICON := $(CURDIR)/$(BUILD)/$(notdir $(basename $(ICON))).grf
-  endif
-endif
-
-.PHONY: $(BUILD) clean
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-$(BUILD):
-	@mkdir -p $@
-	@$(MAKE) --no-print-directory -C $(BUILD) -f $(CURDIR)/Makefile
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-clean:
-	@echo clean ...
-	@rm -fr $(BUILD) $(TARGET).elf $(TARGET).nds $(SOUNDBANK)
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-else
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# main targets
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-$(OUTPUT).nds: $(OUTPUT).elf $(GAME_ICON)
-$(OUTPUT).elf: $(OFILES)
-
-# source files depend on generated headers
-$(OFILES_SOURCES) : $(HFILES)
-
-# need to build soundbank first
-$(OFILES): $(SOUNDBANK)
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# rule to build solution from music files
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-$(SOUNDBANK) : $(MODFILES)
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-	mmutil $^ -d -o$@ -hsoundbank.h
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-%.bin.o %_bin.h : %.bin
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-	@echo $(notdir $<)
-	@$(bin2o)
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# This rule creates assembly source files using grit
-# grit takes an image file and a .grit describing how the file is to be processed
-# add additional rules like this for each image extension
-# you use in the graphics folders
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-%.s %.h: %.png %.grit
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-	grit $< -fts -o$*
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Convert non-GRF game icon to GRF if needed
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-$(GAME_ICON): $(notdir $(ICON))
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-	@echo convert $(notdir $<)
-	@grit $< -g -gt -gB4 -gT FF00FF -m! -p -pe 16 -fh! -ftr
-
--include $(DEPSDIR)/*.d
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-endif
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+include ../../Makefile.example

examples/loading/clone_models/assets.sh

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #!/bin/sh
 
-NITRO_ENGINE=$DEVKITPRO/nitro-engine
+NITRO_ENGINE=../../..
 ASSETS=$NITRO_ENGINE/examples/assets
 TOOLS=$NITRO_ENGINE/tools
 OBJ2DL=$TOOLS/obj2dl/obj2dl.py

examples/loading/clone_models/source/main.c

@@ -1,18 +1,9 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: CC0-1.0
 //
-// SPDX-FileContributor: Antonio Niño Díaz, 2008-2011, 2019, 2022
+// SPDX-FileContributor: Antonio Niño Díaz, 2008-2024
 //
 // This file is part of Nitro Engine
 
-#include <NEMain.h>
-
-#include "sphere_bin.h"
-
-#define NUM_MODELS 16
-
-NE_Camera *Camera;
-NE_Model *Model[NUM_MODELS];
-
 // Cloning models will avoid loading into memory the same mesh many times. This
 // is really useful when you want to draw lots of the same model in different
 // locations, with different animations, etc. You won't need to store multiple
@@ -21,13 +12,26 @@ NE_Model *Model[NUM_MODELS];
 // If you clone an animated model you will be able to set different animations
 // for each model.
 
-void Draw3DScene(void)
+#include <NEMain.h>
+
+#include "sphere_bin.h"
+
+#define NUM_MODELS 16
+
+typedef struct {
+    NE_Camera *Camera;
+    NE_Model *Model[NUM_MODELS];
+} SceneData;
+
+void Draw3DScene(void *arg)
 {
+    SceneData *Scene = arg;
+
     // Setup camera and draw all objects.
-    NE_CameraUse(Camera);
+    NE_CameraUse(Scene->Camera);
 
     for (int i = 0; i < NUM_MODELS; i++)
-        NE_ModelDraw(Model[i]);
+        NE_ModelDraw(Scene->Model[i]);
 
     // Get some information AFTER drawing but BEFORE returning from the
     // function.
@@ -35,8 +39,10 @@ void Draw3DScene(void)
            NE_GetPolygonCount(), NE_GetVertexCount());
 }
 
-int main(void)
+int main(int argc, char *argv[])
 {
+    SceneData Scene = { 0 };
+
     irqEnable(IRQ_HBLANK);
     irqSet(IRQ_VBLANK, NE_VBLFunc);
     irqSet(IRQ_HBLANK, NE_HBLFunc);
@@ -50,37 +56,34 @@ int main(void)
 
     // Allocate space for everything.
     for (int i = 0; i < NUM_MODELS; i++)
-        Model[i] = NE_ModelCreate(NE_Static);
+        Scene.Model[i] = NE_ModelCreate(NE_Static);
 
-    Camera = NE_CameraCreate();
+    Scene.Camera = NE_CameraCreate();
 
     // Setup camera
-    NE_CameraSet(Camera,
+    NE_CameraSet(Scene.Camera,
                  -3.5, 1.5, 1.25,
                     0, 1.5, 1.25,
                     0, 1, 0);
 
     // Load model once
-    NE_ModelLoadStaticMesh(Model[0], sphere_bin);
+    NE_ModelLoadStaticMesh(Scene.Model[0], sphere_bin);
 
     // Clone model to the test of the objects
     for (int i = 1; i < NUM_MODELS; i++)
     {
-        NE_ModelClone(Model[i],  // Destination
-                      Model[0]); // Source model
+        NE_ModelClone(Scene.Model[i],  // Destination
+                      Scene.Model[0]); // Source model
     }
 
     // Set up light
     NE_LightSet(0, NE_Yellow, 0, -0.5, -0.5);
 
-    // Enable shading
-    NE_ShadingEnable(true);
-
     // Set start coordinates/rotation of the models
     for (int i = 0; i < NUM_MODELS; i++)
     {
-        NE_ModelSetRot(Model[i], i, i * 30, i * 20);
-        NE_ModelSetCoord(Model[i], 0, i % 4, i / 4);
+        NE_ModelSetRot(Scene.Model[i], i, i * 30, i * 20);
+        NE_ModelSetCoord(Scene.Model[i], 0, i % 4, i / 4);
     }
 
     while (1)
@@ -89,10 +92,10 @@ int main(void)
 
         // Rotate every model
         for (int i = 0; i < NUM_MODELS; i++)
-            NE_ModelRotate(Model[i], -i, i % 5, 5 - i);
+            NE_ModelRotate(Scene.Model[i], -i, i % 5, 5 - i);
 
         // Draw scene
-        NE_Process(Draw3DScene);
+        NE_ProcessArg(Draw3DScene, &Scene);
     }
 
     return 0;

examples/loading/compressed_texture/Makefile

@@ -1,220 +1,6 @@
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-.SUFFIXES:
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# This is a minimal makefile only used for the examples. If you want a makefile
+# for your project, take one from the templates inside examples/templates.
 
-ifeq ($(strip $(DEVKITARM)),)
-$(error "Please set DEVKITARM in your environment. export DEVKITARM=<path to>devkitARM")
-endif
+BINDIRS	:= data
 
-include $(DEVKITARM)/ds_rules
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# TARGET is the name of the output
-# BUILD is the directory where object files & intermediate files will be placed
-# SOURCES is a list of directories containing source code
-# INCLUDES is a list of directories containing extra header files
-# DATA is a list of directories containing binary files embedded using bin2o
-# GRAPHICS is a list of directories containing image files to be converted with grit
-# AUDIO is a list of directories containing audio to be converted by maxmod
-# ICON is the image used to create the game icon, leave blank to use default rule
-# NITRO is a directory that will be accessible via NitroFS
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-TARGET   := $(shell basename $(CURDIR))
-BUILD    := build
-SOURCES  := source
-INCLUDES := include
-DATA     := data
-GRAPHICS :=
-AUDIO    :=
-ICON     :=
-
-# specify a directory which contains the nitro filesystem
-# this is relative to the Makefile
-NITRO    :=
-
-# These set the information text in the nds file
-GAME_TITLE     := $(shell basename $(CURDIR))
-GAME_SUBTITLE1 := Nitro Engine example
-GAME_SUBTITLE2 := github.com/AntonioND/nitro-engine
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# options for code generation
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-ARCH := -marm -mthumb-interwork -march=armv5te -mtune=arm946e-s
-
-CFLAGS   := -g -Wall -O3\
-            $(ARCH) $(INCLUDE) -DARM9
-CXXFLAGS := $(CFLAGS) -fno-rtti -fno-exceptions
-ASFLAGS  := -g $(ARCH)
-LDFLAGS   = -specs=ds_arm9.specs -g $(ARCH) -Wl,-Map,$(notdir $*.map)
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# any extra libraries we wish to link with the project (order is important)
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-LIBS := -lNE -lfat -lnds9
-
-# automatigically add libraries for NitroFS
-ifneq ($(strip $(NITRO)),)
-LIBS := -lfilesystem -lfat $(LIBS)
-endif
-# automagically add maxmod library
-ifneq ($(strip $(AUDIO)),)
-LIBS := -lmm9 $(LIBS)
-endif
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# list of directories containing libraries, this must be the top level containing
-# include and lib
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-LIBDIRS := $(LIBNDS) $(PORTLIBS) $(DEVKITPRO)/nitro-engine
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# no real need to edit anything past this point unless you need to add additional
-# rules for different file extensions
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-ifneq ($(BUILD),$(notdir $(CURDIR)))
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-export OUTPUT := $(CURDIR)/$(TARGET)
-
-export VPATH := $(CURDIR)/$(subst /,,$(dir $(ICON)))\
-                $(foreach dir,$(SOURCES),$(CURDIR)/$(dir))\
-                $(foreach dir,$(DATA),$(CURDIR)/$(dir))\
-                $(foreach dir,$(GRAPHICS),$(CURDIR)/$(dir))
-
-export DEPSDIR := $(CURDIR)/$(BUILD)
-
-CFILES   := $(foreach dir,$(SOURCES),$(notdir $(wildcard $(dir)/*.c)))
-CPPFILES := $(foreach dir,$(SOURCES),$(notdir $(wildcard $(dir)/*.cpp)))
-SFILES   := $(foreach dir,$(SOURCES),$(notdir $(wildcard $(dir)/*.s)))
-PNGFILES := $(foreach dir,$(GRAPHICS),$(notdir $(wildcard $(dir)/*.png)))
-BINFILES := $(foreach dir,$(DATA),$(notdir $(wildcard $(dir)/*.*)))
-
-# prepare NitroFS directory
-ifneq ($(strip $(NITRO)),)
-  export NITRO_FILES := $(CURDIR)/$(NITRO)
-endif
-
-# get audio list for maxmod
-ifneq ($(strip $(AUDIO)),)
-  export MODFILES	:=	$(foreach dir,$(notdir $(wildcard $(AUDIO)/*.*)),$(CURDIR)/$(AUDIO)/$(dir))
-
-  # place the soundbank file in NitroFS if using it
-  ifneq ($(strip $(NITRO)),)
-    export SOUNDBANK := $(NITRO_FILES)/soundbank.bin
-
-  # otherwise, needs to be loaded from memory
-  else
-    export SOUNDBANK := soundbank.bin
-    BINFILES += $(SOUNDBANK)
-  endif
-endif
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# use CXX for linking C++ projects, CC for standard C
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-ifeq ($(strip $(CPPFILES)),)
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-  export LD := $(CC)
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-else
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-  export LD := $(CXX)
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-endif
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-export OFILES_BIN   :=	$(addsuffix .o,$(BINFILES))
-
-export OFILES_SOURCES := $(CPPFILES:.cpp=.o) $(CFILES:.c=.o) $(SFILES:.s=.o)
-
-export OFILES := $(PNGFILES:.png=.o) $(OFILES_BIN) $(OFILES_SOURCES)
-
-export HFILES := $(PNGFILES:.png=.h) $(addsuffix .h,$(subst .,_,$(BINFILES)))
-
-export INCLUDE  := $(foreach dir,$(INCLUDES),-iquote $(CURDIR)/$(dir))\
-                   $(foreach dir,$(LIBDIRS),-I$(dir)/include)\
-                   -I$(CURDIR)/$(BUILD)
-export LIBPATHS := $(foreach dir,$(LIBDIRS),-L$(dir)/lib)
-
-ifeq ($(strip $(ICON)),)
-  icons := $(wildcard *.bmp)
-
-  ifneq (,$(findstring $(TARGET).bmp,$(icons)))
-    export GAME_ICON := $(CURDIR)/$(TARGET).bmp
-  else
-    ifneq (,$(findstring icon.bmp,$(icons)))
-      export GAME_ICON := $(CURDIR)/icon.bmp
-    endif
-  endif
-else
-  ifeq ($(suffix $(ICON)), .grf)
-    export GAME_ICON := $(CURDIR)/$(ICON)
-  else
-    export GAME_ICON := $(CURDIR)/$(BUILD)/$(notdir $(basename $(ICON))).grf
-  endif
-endif
-
-.PHONY: $(BUILD) clean
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-$(BUILD):
-	@mkdir -p $@
-	@$(MAKE) --no-print-directory -C $(BUILD) -f $(CURDIR)/Makefile
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-clean:
-	@echo clean ...
-	@rm -fr $(BUILD) $(TARGET).elf $(TARGET).nds $(SOUNDBANK)
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-else
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# main targets
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-$(OUTPUT).nds: $(OUTPUT).elf $(GAME_ICON)
-$(OUTPUT).elf: $(OFILES)
-
-# source files depend on generated headers
-$(OFILES_SOURCES) : $(HFILES)
-
-# need to build soundbank first
-$(OFILES): $(SOUNDBANK)
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# rule to build solution from music files
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-$(SOUNDBANK) : $(MODFILES)
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-	mmutil $^ -d -o$@ -hsoundbank.h
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-%.bin.o %_bin.h : %.bin
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-	@echo $(notdir $<)
-	@$(bin2o)
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# This rule creates assembly source files using grit
-# grit takes an image file and a .grit describing how the file is to be processed
-# add additional rules like this for each image extension
-# you use in the graphics folders
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-%.s %.h: %.png %.grit
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-	grit $< -fts -o$*
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Convert non-GRF game icon to GRF if needed
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-$(GAME_ICON): $(notdir $(ICON))
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-	@echo convert $(notdir $<)
-	@grit $< -g -gt -gB4 -gT FF00FF -m! -p -pe 16 -fh! -ftr
-
--include $(DEPSDIR)/*.d
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-endif
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+include ../../Makefile.example

examples/loading/compressed_texture/Makefile.blocksds

@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-# This is a minimal makefile only used for the examples. If you want a makefile
-# for your project, take one from the templates inside examples/templates.
-
-BINDIRS	:= data
-
-include ../../Makefile.example.blocksds

examples/loading/compressed_texture/assets.sh

@@ -3,14 +3,16 @@
 rm -rf data
 mkdir -p data
 
+BLOCKSDSEXT="${BLOCKSDSEXT:-/opt/blocksds/external/}"
+
 # ptexconv can be obtained here: https://github.com/Garhoogin/ptexconv/
 
-/opt/blocksds/external/ptexconv/ptexconv \
+$BLOCKSDSEXT/ptexconv/ptexconv \
     -gt -ob -k FF00FF -v -f tex4x4 \
     -o data/grill \
     assets/grill.png
 
-/opt/blocksds/external/ptexconv/ptexconv \
+$BLOCKSDSEXT/ptexconv/ptexconv \
     -gt -ob -k FF00FF -v -f tex4x4 \
     -o data/landscape \
     assets/landscape.jpg

examples/loading/compressed_texture/source/main.c

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: CC0-1.0
 //
-// SPDX-FileContributor: Antonio Niño Díaz, 2008-2011, 2019, 2022
+// SPDX-FileContributor: Antonio Niño Díaz, 2008-2024
 //
 // This file is part of Nitro Engine
 
@@ -13,33 +13,45 @@
 #include "landscape_pal_bin.h"
 #include "landscape_tex_bin.h"
 
-NE_Material *Material1, *Material2;
-NE_Palette *Palette1, *Palette2;
+typedef struct {
+    NE_Material *Material1;
+} SceneData1;
 
-void Draw3DScene1(void)
+typedef struct {
+    NE_Material *Material2;
+} SceneData2;
+
+void Draw3DScene1(void *arg)
 {
+    SceneData1 *Scene = arg;
+
     NE_ClearColorSet(RGB15(5, 5, 10), 31, 63);
 
     NE_2DViewInit();
 
     NE_2DDrawTexturedQuad(32, 32,
                           32 + 128, 32 + 128,
-                          0, Material1);
+                          0, Scene->Material1);
 }
 
-void Draw3DScene2(void)
+void Draw3DScene2(void *arg)
 {
+    SceneData2 *Scene = arg;
+
     NE_ClearColorSet(RGB15(10, 5, 0), 31, 63);
 
     NE_2DViewInit();
 
     NE_2DDrawTexturedQuad(64, 0,
                           64 + 128, 0 + 128,
-                          0, Material2);
+                          0, Scene->Material2);
 }
 
-int main(void)
+int main(int argc, char *argv[])
 {
+    SceneData1 Scene1 = { 0 };
+    SceneData2 Scene2 = { 0 };
+
     irqEnable(IRQ_HBLANK);
     irqSet(IRQ_VBLANK, NE_VBLFunc);
     irqSet(IRQ_HBLANK, NE_HBLFunc);
@@ -47,28 +59,29 @@ int main(void)
     NE_InitDual3D();
 
     // Allocate objects
-    Material1 = NE_MaterialCreate();
-    Material2 = NE_MaterialCreate();
-    Palette1 = NE_PaletteCreate();
-    Palette2 = NE_PaletteCreate();
+    Scene1.Material1 = NE_MaterialCreate();
+    Scene2.Material2 = NE_MaterialCreate();
 
-    NE_MaterialTex4x4Load(Material1, 128, 128, NE_TEXGEN_TEXCOORD,
+    NE_Palette *Palette1 = NE_PaletteCreate();
+    NE_Palette *Palette2 = NE_PaletteCreate();
+
+    NE_MaterialTex4x4Load(Scene1.Material1, 128, 128, NE_TEXGEN_TEXCOORD,
                           grill_tex_bin, grill_idx_bin);
     NE_PaletteLoadSize(Palette1, grill_pal_bin, grill_pal_bin_size,
                        NE_TEX4X4);
-    NE_MaterialSetPalette(Material1, Palette1);
+    NE_MaterialSetPalette(Scene1.Material1, Palette1);
 
-    NE_MaterialTex4x4Load(Material2, 128, 128, NE_TEXGEN_TEXCOORD,
+    NE_MaterialTex4x4Load(Scene2.Material2, 128, 128, NE_TEXGEN_TEXCOORD,
                           landscape_tex_bin, landscape_idx_bin);
     NE_PaletteLoadSize(Palette2, landscape_pal_bin,
                        landscape_pal_bin_size, NE_TEX4X4);
-    NE_MaterialSetPalette(Material2, Palette2);
+    NE_MaterialSetPalette(Scene2.Material2, Palette2);
 
     while (1)
     {
         NE_WaitForVBL(0);
 
-        NE_ProcessDual(Draw3DScene1, Draw3DScene2);
+        NE_ProcessDualArg(Draw3DScene1, Draw3DScene2, &Scene1, &Scene2);
     }
 
     return 0;

examples/loading/filesystem_animated_model/Makefile

@@ -1,220 +1,6 @@
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-.SUFFIXES:
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# This is a minimal makefile only used for the examples. If you want a makefile
+# for your project, take one from the templates inside examples/templates.
 
-ifeq ($(strip $(DEVKITARM)),)
-$(error "Please set DEVKITARM in your environment. export DEVKITARM=<path to>devkitARM")
-endif
+NITROFSDIR	:= nitrofiles
 
-include $(DEVKITARM)/ds_rules
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# TARGET is the name of the output
-# BUILD is the directory where object files & intermediate files will be placed
-# SOURCES is a list of directories containing source code
-# INCLUDES is a list of directories containing extra header files
-# DATA is a list of directories containing binary files embedded using bin2o
-# GRAPHICS is a list of directories containing image files to be converted with grit
-# AUDIO is a list of directories containing audio to be converted by maxmod
-# ICON is the image used to create the game icon, leave blank to use default rule
-# NITRO is a directory that will be accessible via NitroFS
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-TARGET   := $(shell basename $(CURDIR))
-BUILD    := build
-SOURCES  := source
-INCLUDES := include
-DATA     := data
-GRAPHICS :=
-AUDIO    :=
-ICON     :=
-
-# specify a directory which contains the nitro filesystem
-# this is relative to the Makefile
-NITRO    := nitrofiles
-
-# These set the information text in the nds file
-GAME_TITLE     := $(shell basename $(CURDIR))
-GAME_SUBTITLE1 := Nitro Engine example
-GAME_SUBTITLE2 := github.com/AntonioND/nitro-engine
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# options for code generation
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-ARCH := -marm -mthumb-interwork -march=armv5te -mtune=arm946e-s
-
-CFLAGS   := -g -Wall -O3\
-            $(ARCH) $(INCLUDE) -DARM9
-CXXFLAGS := $(CFLAGS) -fno-rtti -fno-exceptions
-ASFLAGS  := -g $(ARCH)
-LDFLAGS   = -specs=ds_arm9.specs -g $(ARCH) -Wl,-Map,$(notdir $*.map)
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# any extra libraries we wish to link with the project (order is important)
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-LIBS := -lNE -lfat -lnds9
-
-# automatigically add libraries for NitroFS
-ifneq ($(strip $(NITRO)),)
-LIBS := -lfilesystem -lfat $(LIBS)
-endif
-# automagically add maxmod library
-ifneq ($(strip $(AUDIO)),)
-LIBS := -lmm9 $(LIBS)
-endif
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# list of directories containing libraries, this must be the top level containing
-# include and lib
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-LIBDIRS := $(LIBNDS) $(PORTLIBS) $(DEVKITPRO)/nitro-engine
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# no real need to edit anything past this point unless you need to add additional
-# rules for different file extensions
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-ifneq ($(BUILD),$(notdir $(CURDIR)))
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-export OUTPUT := $(CURDIR)/$(TARGET)
-
-export VPATH := $(CURDIR)/$(subst /,,$(dir $(ICON)))\
-                $(foreach dir,$(SOURCES),$(CURDIR)/$(dir))\
-                $(foreach dir,$(DATA),$(CURDIR)/$(dir))\
-                $(foreach dir,$(GRAPHICS),$(CURDIR)/$(dir))
-
-export DEPSDIR := $(CURDIR)/$(BUILD)
-
-CFILES   := $(foreach dir,$(SOURCES),$(notdir $(wildcard $(dir)/*.c)))
-CPPFILES := $(foreach dir,$(SOURCES),$(notdir $(wildcard $(dir)/*.cpp)))
-SFILES   := $(foreach dir,$(SOURCES),$(notdir $(wildcard $(dir)/*.s)))
-PNGFILES := $(foreach dir,$(GRAPHICS),$(notdir $(wildcard $(dir)/*.png)))
-BINFILES := $(foreach dir,$(DATA),$(notdir $(wildcard $(dir)/*.*)))
-
-# prepare NitroFS directory
-ifneq ($(strip $(NITRO)),)
-  export NITRO_FILES := $(CURDIR)/$(NITRO)
-endif
-
-# get audio list for maxmod
-ifneq ($(strip $(AUDIO)),)
-  export MODFILES	:=	$(foreach dir,$(notdir $(wildcard $(AUDIO)/*.*)),$(CURDIR)/$(AUDIO)/$(dir))
-
-  # place the soundbank file in NitroFS if using it
-  ifneq ($(strip $(NITRO)),)
-    export SOUNDBANK := $(NITRO_FILES)/soundbank.bin
-
-  # otherwise, needs to be loaded from memory
-  else
-    export SOUNDBANK := soundbank.bin
-    BINFILES += $(SOUNDBANK)
-  endif
-endif
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# use CXX for linking C++ projects, CC for standard C
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-ifeq ($(strip $(CPPFILES)),)
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-  export LD := $(CC)
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-else
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-  export LD := $(CXX)
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-endif
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-export OFILES_BIN   :=	$(addsuffix .o,$(BINFILES))
-
-export OFILES_SOURCES := $(CPPFILES:.cpp=.o) $(CFILES:.c=.o) $(SFILES:.s=.o)
-
-export OFILES := $(PNGFILES:.png=.o) $(OFILES_BIN) $(OFILES_SOURCES)
-
-export HFILES := $(PNGFILES:.png=.h) $(addsuffix .h,$(subst .,_,$(BINFILES)))
-
-export INCLUDE  := $(foreach dir,$(INCLUDES),-iquote $(CURDIR)/$(dir))\
-                   $(foreach dir,$(LIBDIRS),-I$(dir)/include)\
-                   -I$(CURDIR)/$(BUILD)
-export LIBPATHS := $(foreach dir,$(LIBDIRS),-L$(dir)/lib)
-
-ifeq ($(strip $(ICON)),)
-  icons := $(wildcard *.bmp)
-
-  ifneq (,$(findstring $(TARGET).bmp,$(icons)))
-    export GAME_ICON := $(CURDIR)/$(TARGET).bmp
-  else
-    ifneq (,$(findstring icon.bmp,$(icons)))
-      export GAME_ICON := $(CURDIR)/icon.bmp
-    endif
-  endif
-else
-  ifeq ($(suffix $(ICON)), .grf)
-    export GAME_ICON := $(CURDIR)/$(ICON)
-  else
-    export GAME_ICON := $(CURDIR)/$(BUILD)/$(notdir $(basename $(ICON))).grf
-  endif
-endif
-
-.PHONY: $(BUILD) clean
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-$(BUILD):
-	@mkdir -p $@
-	@$(MAKE) --no-print-directory -C $(BUILD) -f $(CURDIR)/Makefile
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-clean:
-	@echo clean ...
-	@rm -fr $(BUILD) $(TARGET).elf $(TARGET).nds $(SOUNDBANK)
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-else
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# main targets
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-$(OUTPUT).nds: $(OUTPUT).elf $(GAME_ICON)
-$(OUTPUT).elf: $(OFILES)
-
-# source files depend on generated headers
-$(OFILES_SOURCES) : $(HFILES)
-
-# need to build soundbank first
-$(OFILES): $(SOUNDBANK)
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# rule to build solution from music files
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-$(SOUNDBANK) : $(MODFILES)
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-	mmutil $^ -d -o$@ -hsoundbank.h
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-%.bin.o %_bin.h : %.bin
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-	@echo $(notdir $<)
-	@$(bin2o)
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# This rule creates assembly source files using grit
-# grit takes an image file and a .grit describing how the file is to be processed
-# add additional rules like this for each image extension
-# you use in the graphics folders
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-%.s %.h: %.png %.grit
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-	grit $< -fts -o$*
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Convert non-GRF game icon to GRF if needed
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-$(GAME_ICON): $(notdir $(ICON))
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-	@echo convert $(notdir $<)
-	@grit $< -g -gt -gB4 -gT FF00FF -m! -p -pe 16 -fh! -ftr
-
--include $(DEPSDIR)/*.d
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-endif
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+include ../../Makefile.example

examples/loading/filesystem_animated_model/assets.sh

@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
 #!/bin/sh
 
-NITRO_ENGINE=$DEVKITPRO/nitro-engine
+NITRO_ENGINE=../../..
 ASSETS=$NITRO_ENGINE/examples/assets
 TOOLS=$NITRO_ENGINE/tools
 MD5_TO_DSMA=$TOOLS/md5_to_dsma/md5_to_dsma.py
-GRIT=grit
+BLOCKSDS="${BLOCKSDS:-/opt/blocksds/core/}"
+GRIT=$BLOCKSDS/tools/grit/grit
 
 rm -rf nitrofiles
 mkdir -p nitrofiles

examples/loading/filesystem_animated_model/nitrofiles/texture.h

@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
-
-//{{BLOCK(texture)
-
-//======================================================================
-//
-//	texture, 256x256@16, 
-//	Alphabit on.
-//	+ bitmap not compressed
-//	Total size: 131072 = 131072
-//
-//	Time-stamp: 2024-01-27, 18:07:12
-//	Exported by Cearn's GBA Image Transmogrifier, v0.9.2
-//	( http://www.coranac.com/projects/#grit )
-//
-//======================================================================
-
-#ifndef GRIT_TEXTURE_H
-#define GRIT_TEXTURE_H
-
-#define textureBitmapLen 131072
-extern const unsigned int textureBitmap[32768];
-
-#endif // GRIT_TEXTURE_H
-
-//}}BLOCK(texture)

examples/loading/filesystem_animated_model/source/main.c

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: CC0-1.0
 //
-// SPDX-FileContributor: Antonio Niño Díaz, 2008-2011, 2019, 2022
+// SPDX-FileContributor: Antonio Niño Díaz, 2008-2024
 //
 // This file is part of Nitro Engine
 
@@ -11,22 +11,24 @@
 
 #include <NEMain.h>
 
-NE_Camera *Camera;
-NE_Model *Model;
-NE_Animation *Animation;
-NE_Material *Material;
+typedef struct {
+    NE_Camera *Camera;
+    NE_Model *Model;
+} SceneData;
 
-void Draw3DScene(void)
+void Draw3DScene(void *arg)
 {
-    NE_CameraUse(Camera);
+    SceneData *Scene = arg;
+
+    NE_CameraUse(Scene->Camera);
 
     NE_PolyFormat(31, 0, NE_LIGHT_0, NE_CULL_NONE, 0);
-    NE_ModelDraw(Model);
+    NE_ModelDraw(Scene->Model);
 }
 
 void WaitLoop(void)
 {
-    while(1)
+    while (1)
     {
         swiWaitForVBlank();
         scanKeys();
@@ -35,8 +37,10 @@ void WaitLoop(void)
     }
 }
 
-int main(void)
+int main(int argc, char *argv[])
 {
+    SceneData Scene = { 0 };
+
     irqEnable(IRQ_HBLANK);
     irqSet(IRQ_VBLANK, NE_VBLFunc);
     irqSet(IRQ_HBLANK, NE_HBLFunc);
@@ -55,18 +59,18 @@ int main(void)
     }
 
     // Allocate space for objects...
-    Model = NE_ModelCreate(NE_Animated);
-    Camera = NE_CameraCreate();
-    Material = NE_MaterialCreate();
-    Animation = NE_AnimationCreate();
+    Scene.Model = NE_ModelCreate(NE_Animated);
+    Scene.Camera = NE_CameraCreate();
+    NE_Material *Material = NE_MaterialCreate();
+    NE_Animation *Animation = NE_AnimationCreate();
 
     // Setup camera
-    NE_CameraSet(Camera,
+    NE_CameraSet(Scene.Camera,
                  6, 3, -4,
                  0, 3, 0,
                  0, 1, 0);
 
-    if (NE_ModelLoadDSMFAT(Model, "robot.dsm") == 0)
+    if (NE_ModelLoadDSMFAT(Scene.Model, "robot.dsm") == 0)
     {
         printf("Couldn't load model...");
         WaitLoop();
@@ -89,10 +93,10 @@ int main(void)
     }
 
     // Assign material to the model
-    NE_ModelSetMaterial(Model, Material);
+    NE_ModelSetMaterial(Scene.Model, Material);
 
-    NE_ModelSetAnimation(Model, Animation);
-    NE_ModelAnimStart(Model, NE_ANIM_LOOP, floattof32(0.1));
+    NE_ModelSetAnimation(Scene.Model, Animation);
+    NE_ModelAnimStart(Scene.Model, NE_ANIM_LOOP, floattof32(0.1));
 
     NE_LightSet(0, NE_White, 0, -1, -1);
 
@@ -111,16 +115,15 @@ int main(void)
             break;
 
         if (keys & KEY_RIGHT)
-            NE_ModelRotate(Model, 0, 2, 0);
+            NE_ModelRotate(Scene.Model, 0, 2, 0);
         if (keys & KEY_LEFT)
-            NE_ModelRotate(Model, 0, -2, 0);
+            NE_ModelRotate(Scene.Model, 0, -2, 0);
         if (keys & KEY_UP)
-            NE_ModelRotate(Model, 0, 0, 2);
+            NE_ModelRotate(Scene.Model, 0, 0, 2);
         if (keys & KEY_DOWN)
-            NE_ModelRotate(Model, 0, 0, -2);
+            NE_ModelRotate(Scene.Model, 0, 0, -2);
 
-        // Draw scene...
-        NE_Process(Draw3DScene);
+        NE_ProcessArg(Draw3DScene, &Scene);
     }
 
     return 0;

examples/loading/filesystem_multiple_textures/Makefile

@@ -1,220 +1,6 @@
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-.SUFFIXES:
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# This is a minimal makefile only used for the examples. If you want a makefile
+# for your project, take one from the templates inside examples/templates.
 
-ifeq ($(strip $(DEVKITARM)),)
-$(error "Please set DEVKITARM in your environment. export DEVKITARM=<path to>devkitARM")
-endif
+NITROFSDIR	:= nitrofiles
 
-include $(DEVKITARM)/ds_rules
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# TARGET is the name of the output
-# BUILD is the directory where object files & intermediate files will be placed
-# SOURCES is a list of directories containing source code
-# INCLUDES is a list of directories containing extra header files
-# DATA is a list of directories containing binary files embedded using bin2o
-# GRAPHICS is a list of directories containing image files to be converted with grit
-# AUDIO is a list of directories containing audio to be converted by maxmod
-# ICON is the image used to create the game icon, leave blank to use default rule
-# NITRO is a directory that will be accessible via NitroFS
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-TARGET   := $(shell basename $(CURDIR))
-BUILD    := build
-SOURCES  := source
-INCLUDES := include
-DATA     := data
-GRAPHICS :=
-AUDIO    :=
-ICON     :=
-
-# specify a directory which contains the nitro filesystem
-# this is relative to the Makefile
-NITRO    := nitrofiles
-
-# These set the information text in the nds file
-GAME_TITLE     := $(shell basename $(CURDIR))
-GAME_SUBTITLE1 := Nitro Engine example
-GAME_SUBTITLE2 := github.com/AntonioND/nitro-engine
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# options for code generation
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-ARCH := -marm -mthumb-interwork -march=armv5te -mtune=arm946e-s
-
-CFLAGS   := -g -Wall -O3\
-            $(ARCH) $(INCLUDE) -DARM9
-CXXFLAGS := $(CFLAGS) -fno-rtti -fno-exceptions
-ASFLAGS  := -g $(ARCH)
-LDFLAGS   = -specs=ds_arm9.specs -g $(ARCH) -Wl,-Map,$(notdir $*.map)
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# any extra libraries we wish to link with the project (order is important)
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-LIBS := -lNE -lfat -lnds9
-
-# automatigically add libraries for NitroFS
-ifneq ($(strip $(NITRO)),)
-LIBS := -lfilesystem -lfat $(LIBS)
-endif
-# automagically add maxmod library
-ifneq ($(strip $(AUDIO)),)
-LIBS := -lmm9 $(LIBS)
-endif
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# list of directories containing libraries, this must be the top level containing
-# include and lib
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-LIBDIRS := $(LIBNDS) $(PORTLIBS) $(DEVKITPRO)/nitro-engine
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# no real need to edit anything past this point unless you need to add additional
-# rules for different file extensions
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-ifneq ($(BUILD),$(notdir $(CURDIR)))
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-export OUTPUT := $(CURDIR)/$(TARGET)
-
-export VPATH := $(CURDIR)/$(subst /,,$(dir $(ICON)))\
-                $(foreach dir,$(SOURCES),$(CURDIR)/$(dir))\
-                $(foreach dir,$(DATA),$(CURDIR)/$(dir))\
-                $(foreach dir,$(GRAPHICS),$(CURDIR)/$(dir))
-
-export DEPSDIR := $(CURDIR)/$(BUILD)
-
-CFILES   := $(foreach dir,$(SOURCES),$(notdir $(wildcard $(dir)/*.c)))
-CPPFILES := $(foreach dir,$(SOURCES),$(notdir $(wildcard $(dir)/*.cpp)))
-SFILES   := $(foreach dir,$(SOURCES),$(notdir $(wildcard $(dir)/*.s)))
-PNGFILES := $(foreach dir,$(GRAPHICS),$(notdir $(wildcard $(dir)/*.png)))
-BINFILES := $(foreach dir,$(DATA),$(notdir $(wildcard $(dir)/*.*)))
-
-# prepare NitroFS directory
-ifneq ($(strip $(NITRO)),)
-  export NITRO_FILES := $(CURDIR)/$(NITRO)
-endif
-
-# get audio list for maxmod
-ifneq ($(strip $(AUDIO)),)
-  export MODFILES	:=	$(foreach dir,$(notdir $(wildcard $(AUDIO)/*.*)),$(CURDIR)/$(AUDIO)/$(dir))
-
-  # place the soundbank file in NitroFS if using it
-  ifneq ($(strip $(NITRO)),)
-    export SOUNDBANK := $(NITRO_FILES)/soundbank.bin
-
-  # otherwise, needs to be loaded from memory
-  else
-    export SOUNDBANK := soundbank.bin
-    BINFILES += $(SOUNDBANK)
-  endif
-endif
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# use CXX for linking C++ projects, CC for standard C
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-ifeq ($(strip $(CPPFILES)),)
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-  export LD := $(CC)
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-else
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-  export LD := $(CXX)
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-endif
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-export OFILES_BIN   :=	$(addsuffix .o,$(BINFILES))
-
-export OFILES_SOURCES := $(CPPFILES:.cpp=.o) $(CFILES:.c=.o) $(SFILES:.s=.o)
-
-export OFILES := $(PNGFILES:.png=.o) $(OFILES_BIN) $(OFILES_SOURCES)
-
-export HFILES := $(PNGFILES:.png=.h) $(addsuffix .h,$(subst .,_,$(BINFILES)))
-
-export INCLUDE  := $(foreach dir,$(INCLUDES),-iquote $(CURDIR)/$(dir))\
-                   $(foreach dir,$(LIBDIRS),-I$(dir)/include)\
-                   -I$(CURDIR)/$(BUILD)
-export LIBPATHS := $(foreach dir,$(LIBDIRS),-L$(dir)/lib)
-
-ifeq ($(strip $(ICON)),)
-  icons := $(wildcard *.bmp)
-
-  ifneq (,$(findstring $(TARGET).bmp,$(icons)))
-    export GAME_ICON := $(CURDIR)/$(TARGET).bmp
-  else
-    ifneq (,$(findstring icon.bmp,$(icons)))
-      export GAME_ICON := $(CURDIR)/icon.bmp
-    endif
-  endif
-else
-  ifeq ($(suffix $(ICON)), .grf)
-    export GAME_ICON := $(CURDIR)/$(ICON)
-  else
-    export GAME_ICON := $(CURDIR)/$(BUILD)/$(notdir $(basename $(ICON))).grf
-  endif
-endif
-
-.PHONY: $(BUILD) clean
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-$(BUILD):
-	@mkdir -p $@
-	@$(MAKE) --no-print-directory -C $(BUILD) -f $(CURDIR)/Makefile
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-clean:
-	@echo clean ...
-	@rm -fr $(BUILD) $(TARGET).elf $(TARGET).nds $(SOUNDBANK)
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-else
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# main targets
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-$(OUTPUT).nds: $(OUTPUT).elf $(GAME_ICON)
-$(OUTPUT).elf: $(OFILES)
-
-# source files depend on generated headers
-$(OFILES_SOURCES) : $(HFILES)
-
-# need to build soundbank first
-$(OFILES): $(SOUNDBANK)
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# rule to build solution from music files
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-$(SOUNDBANK) : $(MODFILES)
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-	mmutil $^ -d -o$@ -hsoundbank.h
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-%.bin.o %_bin.h : %.bin
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-	@echo $(notdir $<)
-	@$(bin2o)
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# This rule creates assembly source files using grit
-# grit takes an image file and a .grit describing how the file is to be processed
-# add additional rules like this for each image extension
-# you use in the graphics folders
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-%.s %.h: %.png %.grit
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-	grit $< -fts -o$*
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Convert non-GRF game icon to GRF if needed
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-$(GAME_ICON): $(notdir $(ICON))
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-	@echo convert $(notdir $<)
-	@grit $< -g -gt -gB4 -gT FF00FF -m! -p -pe 16 -fh! -ftr
-
--include $(DEPSDIR)/*.d
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-endif
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+include ../../Makefile.example

examples/loading/filesystem_multiple_textures/Makefile.blocksds

@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-# This is a minimal makefile only used for the examples. If you want a makefile
-# for your project, take one from the templates inside examples/templates.
-
-NITROFSDIR	:= nitrofiles
-
-include ../../Makefile.example.blocksds

examples/loading/filesystem_multiple_textures/assets.sh

@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
 #!/bin/sh
 
-NITRO_ENGINE=$DEVKITPRO/nitro-engine
+NITRO_ENGINE=../../..
 ASSETS=$NITRO_ENGINE/examples/assets
 TOOLS=$NITRO_ENGINE/tools
 OBJ2DL=$TOOLS/obj2dl/obj2dl.py
-GRIT=grit
+BLOCKSDS="${BLOCKSDS:-/opt/blocksds/core/}"
+GRIT=$BLOCKSDS/tools/grit/grit
 
 rm -rf nitrofiles
 mkdir -p nitrofiles

examples/loading/filesystem_multiple_textures/source/main.c

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: CC0-1.0
 //
-// SPDX-FileContributor: Antonio Niño Díaz, 2008-2011, 2019, 2022
+// SPDX-FileContributor: Antonio Niño Díaz, 2008-2024
 //
 // This file is part of Nitro Engine
 
@@ -10,21 +10,25 @@
 
 #include <NEMain.h>
 
-NE_Camera *Camera;
-NE_Model *Model;
-NE_Material *MaterialBlue, *MaterialRed;
-NE_Palette *PaletteBlue, *PaletteRed;
+typedef struct {
+    NE_Camera *Camera;
+    NE_Model *Model;
+} SceneData;
 
-void Draw3DScene(void)
+void Draw3DScene(void *arg)
 {
-    NE_CameraUse(Camera);
+    SceneData *Scene = arg;
+
+    NE_CameraUse(Scene->Camera);
 
     NE_PolyFormat(31, 0, NE_LIGHT_0, NE_CULL_NONE, 0);
-    NE_ModelDraw(Model);
+    NE_ModelDraw(Scene->Model);
 }
 
-int main(void)
+int main(int argc, char *argv[])
 {
+    SceneData Scene = { 0 };
+
     irqEnable(IRQ_HBLANK);
     irqSet(IRQ_VBLANK, NE_VBLFunc);
     irqSet(IRQ_HBLANK, NE_HBLFunc);
@@ -48,21 +52,21 @@ int main(void)
     }
 
     // Allocate space for objects...
-    Model = NE_ModelCreate(NE_Static);
-    Camera = NE_CameraCreate();
-    MaterialBlue = NE_MaterialCreate();
-    MaterialRed = NE_MaterialCreate();
-    PaletteBlue = NE_PaletteCreate();
-    PaletteRed = NE_PaletteCreate();
+    Scene.Model = NE_ModelCreate(NE_Static);
+    Scene.Camera = NE_CameraCreate();
+    NE_Material *MaterialBlue = NE_MaterialCreate();
+    NE_Material *MaterialRed = NE_MaterialCreate();
+    NE_Palette *PaletteBlue = NE_PaletteCreate();
+    NE_Palette *PaletteRed = NE_PaletteCreate();
 
     // Setup camera
-    NE_CameraSet(Camera,
+    NE_CameraSet(Scene.Camera,
                  -1, -1, -1,
                   0, 0, 0,
                   0, 1, 0);
 
     // Load things from FAT
-    NE_ModelLoadStaticMeshFAT(Model, "cube.bin");
+    NE_ModelLoadStaticMeshFAT(Scene.Model, "cube.bin");
 
     NE_MaterialTexLoadFAT(MaterialBlue, NE_A3PAL32, 64, 64, NE_TEXGEN_TEXCOORD,
                           "spiral_blue_pal32.img.bin");
@@ -76,7 +80,7 @@ int main(void)
     NE_MaterialSetPalette(MaterialRed, PaletteRed);
 
     // Assign material to model
-    NE_ModelSetMaterial(Model, MaterialBlue);
+    NE_ModelSetMaterial(Scene.Model, MaterialBlue);
 
     // Set up light
     NE_LightSet(0, NE_White, 0, -1, -1);
@@ -96,19 +100,18 @@ int main(void)
 
         // Change material if pressed
         if (keys & KEY_B)
-            NE_ModelSetMaterial(Model, MaterialBlue);
+            NE_ModelSetMaterial(Scene.Model, MaterialBlue);
         if (keys & KEY_A)
-            NE_ModelSetMaterial(Model, MaterialRed);
+            NE_ModelSetMaterial(Scene.Model, MaterialRed);
 
         printf("\x1b[0;0HA/B: Change material.\n\nSTART: Exit.");
 
         // Increase rotation, you can't get the rotation angle after
         // this. If you want to know always the angle, you should use
         // NE_ModelSetRot().
-        NE_ModelRotate(Model, 1, 2, 0);
+        NE_ModelRotate(Scene.Model, 1, 2, 0);
 
-        // Draw scene...
-        NE_Process(Draw3DScene);
+        NE_ProcessArg(Draw3DScene, &Scene);
     }
 
     return 0;

examples/loading/filesystem_simple_model/Makefile

@@ -1,220 +1,6 @@
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-.SUFFIXES:
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# This is a minimal makefile only used for the examples. If you want a makefile
+# for your project, take one from the templates inside examples/templates.
 
-ifeq ($(strip $(DEVKITARM)),)
-$(error "Please set DEVKITARM in your environment. export DEVKITARM=<path to>devkitARM")
-endif
+NITROFSDIR	:= nitrofiles
 
-include $(DEVKITARM)/ds_rules
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# TARGET is the name of the output
-# BUILD is the directory where object files & intermediate files will be placed
-# SOURCES is a list of directories containing source code
-# INCLUDES is a list of directories containing extra header files
-# DATA is a list of directories containing binary files embedded using bin2o
-# GRAPHICS is a list of directories containing image files to be converted with grit
-# AUDIO is a list of directories containing audio to be converted by maxmod
-# ICON is the image used to create the game icon, leave blank to use default rule
-# NITRO is a directory that will be accessible via NitroFS
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-TARGET   := $(shell basename $(CURDIR))
-BUILD    := build
-SOURCES  := source
-INCLUDES := include
-DATA     :=
-GRAPHICS :=
-AUDIO    :=
-ICON     :=
-
-# specify a directory which contains the nitro filesystem
-# this is relative to the Makefile
-NITRO    := nitrofiles
-
-# These set the information text in the nds file
-GAME_TITLE     := $(shell basename $(CURDIR))
-GAME_SUBTITLE1 := Nitro Engine example
-GAME_SUBTITLE2 := github.com/AntonioND/nitro-engine
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# options for code generation
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-ARCH := -marm -mthumb-interwork -march=armv5te -mtune=arm946e-s
-
-CFLAGS   := -g -Wall -O3\
-            $(ARCH) $(INCLUDE) -DARM9
-CXXFLAGS := $(CFLAGS) -fno-rtti -fno-exceptions
-ASFLAGS  := -g $(ARCH)
-LDFLAGS   = -specs=ds_arm9.specs -g $(ARCH) -Wl,-Map,$(notdir $*.map)
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# any extra libraries we wish to link with the project (order is important)
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-LIBS := -lNE -lfat -lnds9
-
-# automatigically add libraries for NitroFS
-ifneq ($(strip $(NITRO)),)
-LIBS := -lfilesystem -lfat $(LIBS)
-endif
-# automagically add maxmod library
-ifneq ($(strip $(AUDIO)),)
-LIBS := -lmm9 $(LIBS)
-endif
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# list of directories containing libraries, this must be the top level containing
-# include and lib
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-LIBDIRS := $(LIBNDS) $(PORTLIBS) $(DEVKITPRO)/nitro-engine
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# no real need to edit anything past this point unless you need to add additional
-# rules for different file extensions
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-ifneq ($(BUILD),$(notdir $(CURDIR)))
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-export OUTPUT := $(CURDIR)/$(TARGET)
-
-export VPATH := $(CURDIR)/$(subst /,,$(dir $(ICON)))\
-                $(foreach dir,$(SOURCES),$(CURDIR)/$(dir))\
-                $(foreach dir,$(DATA),$(CURDIR)/$(dir))\
-                $(foreach dir,$(GRAPHICS),$(CURDIR)/$(dir))
-
-export DEPSDIR := $(CURDIR)/$(BUILD)
-
-CFILES   := $(foreach dir,$(SOURCES),$(notdir $(wildcard $(dir)/*.c)))
-CPPFILES := $(foreach dir,$(SOURCES),$(notdir $(wildcard $(dir)/*.cpp)))
-SFILES   := $(foreach dir,$(SOURCES),$(notdir $(wildcard $(dir)/*.s)))
-PNGFILES := $(foreach dir,$(GRAPHICS),$(notdir $(wildcard $(dir)/*.png)))
-BINFILES := $(foreach dir,$(DATA),$(notdir $(wildcard $(dir)/*.*)))
-
-# prepare NitroFS directory
-ifneq ($(strip $(NITRO)),)
-  export NITRO_FILES := $(CURDIR)/$(NITRO)
-endif
-
-# get audio list for maxmod
-ifneq ($(strip $(AUDIO)),)
-  export MODFILES	:=	$(foreach dir,$(notdir $(wildcard $(AUDIO)/*.*)),$(CURDIR)/$(AUDIO)/$(dir))
-
-  # place the soundbank file in NitroFS if using it
-  ifneq ($(strip $(NITRO)),)
-    export SOUNDBANK := $(NITRO_FILES)/soundbank.bin
-
-  # otherwise, needs to be loaded from memory
-  else
-    export SOUNDBANK := soundbank.bin
-    BINFILES += $(SOUNDBANK)
-  endif
-endif
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# use CXX for linking C++ projects, CC for standard C
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-ifeq ($(strip $(CPPFILES)),)
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-  export LD := $(CC)
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-else
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-  export LD := $(CXX)
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-endif
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-export OFILES_BIN   :=	$(addsuffix .o,$(BINFILES))
-
-export OFILES_SOURCES := $(CPPFILES:.cpp=.o) $(CFILES:.c=.o) $(SFILES:.s=.o)
-
-export OFILES := $(PNGFILES:.png=.o) $(OFILES_BIN) $(OFILES_SOURCES)
-
-export HFILES := $(PNGFILES:.png=.h) $(addsuffix .h,$(subst .,_,$(BINFILES)))
-
-export INCLUDE  := $(foreach dir,$(INCLUDES),-iquote $(CURDIR)/$(dir))\
-                   $(foreach dir,$(LIBDIRS),-I$(dir)/include)\
-                   -I$(CURDIR)/$(BUILD)
-export LIBPATHS := $(foreach dir,$(LIBDIRS),-L$(dir)/lib)
-
-ifeq ($(strip $(ICON)),)
-  icons := $(wildcard *.bmp)
-
-  ifneq (,$(findstring $(TARGET).bmp,$(icons)))
-    export GAME_ICON := $(CURDIR)/$(TARGET).bmp
-  else
-    ifneq (,$(findstring icon.bmp,$(icons)))
-      export GAME_ICON := $(CURDIR)/icon.bmp
-    endif
-  endif
-else
-  ifeq ($(suffix $(ICON)), .grf)
-    export GAME_ICON := $(CURDIR)/$(ICON)
-  else
-    export GAME_ICON := $(CURDIR)/$(BUILD)/$(notdir $(basename $(ICON))).grf
-  endif
-endif
-
-.PHONY: $(BUILD) clean
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-$(BUILD):
-	@mkdir -p $@
-	@$(MAKE) --no-print-directory -C $(BUILD) -f $(CURDIR)/Makefile
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-clean:
-	@echo clean ...
-	@rm -fr $(BUILD) $(TARGET).elf $(TARGET).nds $(SOUNDBANK)
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-else
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# main targets
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-$(OUTPUT).nds: $(OUTPUT).elf $(GAME_ICON)
-$(OUTPUT).elf: $(OFILES)
-
-# source files depend on generated headers
-$(OFILES_SOURCES) : $(HFILES)
-
-# need to build soundbank first
-$(OFILES): $(SOUNDBANK)
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# rule to build solution from music files
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-$(SOUNDBANK) : $(MODFILES)
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-	mmutil $^ -d -o$@ -hsoundbank.h
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-%.bin.o %_bin.h : %.bin
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-	@echo $(notdir $<)
-	@$(bin2o)
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# This rule creates assembly source files using grit
-# grit takes an image file and a .grit describing how the file is to be processed
-# add additional rules like this for each image extension
-# you use in the graphics folders
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-%.s %.h: %.png %.grit
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-	grit $< -fts -o$*
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Convert non-GRF game icon to GRF if needed
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-$(GAME_ICON): $(notdir $(ICON))
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-	@echo convert $(notdir $<)
-	@grit $< -g -gt -gB4 -gT FF00FF -m! -p -pe 16 -fh! -ftr
-
--include $(DEPSDIR)/*.d
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-endif
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+include ../../Makefile.example

examples/loading/filesystem_simple_model/Makefile.blocksds

@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-# This is a minimal makefile only used for the examples. If you want a makefile
-# for your project, take one from the templates inside examples/templates.
-
-BINDIRS	:= data
-NITROFSDIR	:= nitrofiles
-
-include ../../Makefile.example.blocksds

examples/loading/filesystem_simple_model/assets.sh

@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
 #!/bin/sh
 
-NITRO_ENGINE=$DEVKITPRO/nitro-engine
+NITRO_ENGINE=../../..
 ASSETS=$NITRO_ENGINE/examples/assets
 TOOLS=$NITRO_ENGINE/tools
 OBJ2DL=$TOOLS/obj2dl/obj2dl.py
-GRIT=grit
+BLOCKSDS="${BLOCKSDS:-/opt/blocksds/core/}"
+GRIT=$BLOCKSDS/tools/grit/grit
 
 rm -rf nitrofiles
 mkdir -p nitrofiles

examples/loading/filesystem_simple_model/nitrofiles/texture.h

@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
-
-//{{BLOCK(texture)
-
-//======================================================================
-//
-//	texture, 256x256@16, 
-//	Alphabit on.
-//	+ bitmap not compressed
-//	Total size: 131072 = 131072
-//
-//	Time-stamp: 2024-01-27, 18:13:28
-//	Exported by Cearn's GBA Image Transmogrifier, v0.9.2
-//	( http://www.coranac.com/projects/#grit )
-//
-//======================================================================
-
-#ifndef GRIT_TEXTURE_H
-#define GRIT_TEXTURE_H
-
-#define textureBitmapLen 131072
-extern const unsigned int textureBitmap[32768];
-
-#endif // GRIT_TEXTURE_H
-
-//}}BLOCK(texture)

examples/loading/filesystem_simple_model/source/main.c

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: CC0-1.0
 //
-// SPDX-FileContributor: Antonio Niño Díaz, 2008-2011, 2019, 2022
+// SPDX-FileContributor: Antonio Niño Díaz, 2008-2024
 //
 // This file is part of Nitro Engine
 
@@ -8,18 +8,23 @@
 
 #include <filesystem.h>
 
-NE_Camera *Camera;
-NE_Model *Model;
-NE_Material *Material;
+typedef struct {
+    NE_Camera *Camera;
+    NE_Model *Model;
+} SceneData;
 
-void Draw3DScene(void)
+void Draw3DScene(void *arg)
 {
-    NE_CameraUse(Camera);
-    NE_ModelDraw(Model);
+    SceneData *Scene = arg;
+
+    NE_CameraUse(Scene->Camera);
+    NE_ModelDraw(Scene->Model);
 }
 
-int main(void)
+int main(int argc, char *argv[])
 {
+    SceneData Scene = { 0 };
+
     irqEnable(IRQ_HBLANK);
     irqSet(IRQ_VBLANK, NE_VBLFunc);
     irqSet(IRQ_HBLANK, NE_HBLFunc);
@@ -40,32 +45,30 @@ int main(void)
             NE_WaitForVBL(0);
 
             scanKeys();
-            uint32_t keys = keysHeld();
-
-            if (keys & KEY_START)
-            return 0;
+            if (keysHeld() & KEY_START)
+                return 0;
         }
     }
 
     // Allocate space for the objects we'll use
-    Model = NE_ModelCreate(NE_Static);
-    Camera = NE_CameraCreate();
-    Material = NE_MaterialCreate();
+    Scene.Model = NE_ModelCreate(NE_Static);
+    Scene.Camera = NE_CameraCreate();
+    NE_Material *Material = NE_MaterialCreate();
 
     // Set coordinates for the camera
-    NE_CameraSet(Camera,
+    NE_CameraSet(Scene.Camera,
                  -8, 3, 0,  // Position
                   0, 3, 0,  // Look at
                   0, 1, 0); // Up direction
 
     // Load mesh from the filesystem and assign it to the object "Model".
-    NE_ModelLoadStaticMeshFAT(Model, "robot.bin");
+    NE_ModelLoadStaticMeshFAT(Scene.Model, "robot.bin");
     // Load a RGB texture from RAM and assign it to "Material".
-    NE_MaterialTexLoadFAT(Material, NE_RGB5, 256, 256, NE_TEXGEN_TEXCOORD,
+    NE_MaterialTexLoadFAT(Material, NE_A1RGB5, 256, 256, NE_TEXGEN_TEXCOORD,
                           "texture.img.bin");
 
     // Assign texture to model...
-    NE_ModelSetMaterial(Model, Material);
+    NE_ModelSetMaterial(Scene.Model, Material);
 
     // We set up a light and its color
     NE_LightSet(0, NE_White, -0.5, -0.5, -0.5);
@@ -83,16 +86,16 @@ int main(void)
 
         // Rotate model using the pad
         if (keys & KEY_UP)
-            NE_ModelRotate(Model, 0, 0, -2);
+            NE_ModelRotate(Scene.Model, 0, 0, -2);
         if (keys & KEY_DOWN)
-            NE_ModelRotate(Model, 0, 0, 2);
+            NE_ModelRotate(Scene.Model, 0, 0, 2);
         if (keys & KEY_RIGHT)
-            NE_ModelRotate(Model, 0, 2, 0);
+            NE_ModelRotate(Scene.Model, 0, 2, 0);
         if (keys & KEY_LEFT)
-            NE_ModelRotate(Model, 0, -2, 0);
+            NE_ModelRotate(Scene.Model, 0, -2, 0);
 
         // Draw scene
-        NE_Process(Draw3DScene);
+        NE_ProcessArg(Draw3DScene, &Scene);
     }
 
     return 0;

examples/loading/filesystem_textures_grf/Makefile

@@ -3,4 +3,4 @@
 
 NITROFSDIR	:= nitrofiles
 
-include ../../Makefile.example.blocksds
+include ../../Makefile.example

examples/loading/filesystem_textures_grf/Makefile.blocksds

@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-# This is a minimal makefile only used for the examples. If you want a makefile
-# for your project, take one from the templates inside examples/templates.
-
-NITROFSDIR	:= nitrofiles
-
-include ../../Makefile.example.blocksds

examples/loading/filesystem_textures_grf/assets.sh

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 #!/bin/sh
 
-GRIT=/opt/blocksds/core/tools/grit/grit
+BLOCKSDS="${BLOCKSDS:-/opt/blocksds/core/}"
+GRIT=$BLOCKSDS/tools/grit/grit
 
 rm -rf nitrofiles
 mkdir -p nitrofiles

examples/loading/filesystem_textures_grf/source/main.c

@@ -10,25 +10,34 @@
 #include <filesystem.h>
 #include <NEMain.h>
 
-NE_Material *Material1, *Material2;
-NE_Palette *Palette2;
+typedef struct {
+    NE_Material *Material1;
+} SceneData1;
 
-void Draw3DScene(void)
+typedef struct {
+    NE_Material *Material2;
+} SceneData2;
+
+void Draw3DScene(void *arg)
 {
+    SceneData1 *Scene = arg;
+
     NE_2DViewInit();
 
     NE_2DDrawTexturedQuad(0, 0,
                           256, 192,
-                          0, Material1);
+                          0, Scene->Material1);
 }
 
-void Draw3DScene2(void)
+void Draw3DScene2(void *arg)
 {
+    SceneData2 *Scene = arg;
+
     NE_2DViewInit();
 
     NE_2DDrawTexturedQuad(64, 32,
                           64 + 128, 32 + 128,
-                          0, Material2);
+                          0, Scene->Material2);
 }
 
 __attribute__((noreturn)) void WaitLoop(void)
@@ -43,8 +52,11 @@ __attribute__((noreturn)) void WaitLoop(void)
     }
 }
 
-int main(void)
+int main(int argc, char *argv[])
 {
+    SceneData1 Scene1 = { 0 };
+    SceneData2 Scene2 = { 0 };
+
     irqEnable(IRQ_HBLANK);
     irqSet(IRQ_VBLANK, NE_VBLFunc);
     irqSet(IRQ_HBLANK, NE_HBLFunc);
@@ -62,18 +74,20 @@ int main(void)
     NE_InitConsole();
 
     // Allocate objects
-    Material1 = NE_MaterialCreate();
-    Material2 = NE_MaterialCreate();
-    Palette2 = NE_PaletteCreate();
+    Scene1.Material1 = NE_MaterialCreate();
+    Scene2.Material2 = NE_MaterialCreate();
 
-    if (NE_MaterialTexLoadGRF(Material1, NULL, NE_TEXGEN_TEXCOORD,
+    if (NE_MaterialTexLoadGRF(Scene1.Material1, NULL, NE_TEXGEN_TEXCOORD,
                               "a1rgb5_png.grf") == 0)
     {
         printf("Failed to load GRF 1\n");
         WaitLoop();
     }
 
-    if (NE_MaterialTexLoadGRF(Material2, Palette2, NE_TEXGEN_TEXCOORD,
+    // This material has a palette, but we don't care about it. By setting the
+    // pointer to NULL it will be marked to be autoedeleted when the material is
+    // deleted.
+    if (NE_MaterialTexLoadGRF(Scene2.Material2, NULL, NE_TEXGEN_TEXCOORD,
                               "a3pal32_png.grf") == 0)
     {
         printf("Failed to load GRF 2\n");
@@ -84,7 +98,7 @@ int main(void)
     {
         NE_WaitForVBL(0);
 
-        NE_ProcessDual(Draw3DScene, Draw3DScene2);
+        NE_ProcessDualArg(Draw3DScene, Draw3DScene2, &Scene1, &Scene2);
     }
 
     return 0;

examples/loading/incomplete_texture/Makefile

@@ -1,220 +1,6 @@
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-.SUFFIXES:
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# This is a minimal makefile only used for the examples. If you want a makefile
+# for your project, take one from the templates inside examples/templates.
 
-ifeq ($(strip $(DEVKITARM)),)
-$(error "Please set DEVKITARM in your environment. export DEVKITARM=<path to>devkitARM")
-endif
+GFXDIRS := graphics
 
-include $(DEVKITARM)/ds_rules
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# TARGET is the name of the output
-# BUILD is the directory where object files & intermediate files will be placed
-# SOURCES is a list of directories containing source code
-# INCLUDES is a list of directories containing extra header files
-# DATA is a list of directories containing binary files embedded using bin2o
-# GRAPHICS is a list of directories containing image files to be converted with grit
-# AUDIO is a list of directories containing audio to be converted by maxmod
-# ICON is the image used to create the game icon, leave blank to use default rule
-# NITRO is a directory that will be accessible via NitroFS
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-TARGET   := $(shell basename $(CURDIR))
-BUILD    := build
-SOURCES  := source
-INCLUDES := include
-DATA     :=
-GRAPHICS := graphics
-AUDIO    :=
-ICON     :=
-
-# specify a directory which contains the nitro filesystem
-# this is relative to the Makefile
-NITRO    :=
-
-# These set the information text in the nds file
-GAME_TITLE     := $(shell basename $(CURDIR))
-GAME_SUBTITLE1 := Nitro Engine example
-GAME_SUBTITLE2 := github.com/AntonioND/nitro-engine
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# options for code generation
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-ARCH := -marm -mthumb-interwork -march=armv5te -mtune=arm946e-s
-
-CFLAGS   := -g -Wall -O3\
-            $(ARCH) $(INCLUDE) -DARM9
-CXXFLAGS := $(CFLAGS) -fno-rtti -fno-exceptions
-ASFLAGS  := -g $(ARCH)
-LDFLAGS   = -specs=ds_arm9.specs -g $(ARCH) -Wl,-Map,$(notdir $*.map)
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# any extra libraries we wish to link with the project (order is important)
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-LIBS := -lNE -lfat -lnds9
-
-# automatigically add libraries for NitroFS
-ifneq ($(strip $(NITRO)),)
-LIBS := -lfilesystem -lfat $(LIBS)
-endif
-# automagically add maxmod library
-ifneq ($(strip $(AUDIO)),)
-LIBS := -lmm9 $(LIBS)
-endif
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# list of directories containing libraries, this must be the top level containing
-# include and lib
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-LIBDIRS := $(LIBNDS) $(PORTLIBS) $(DEVKITPRO)/nitro-engine
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# no real need to edit anything past this point unless you need to add additional
-# rules for different file extensions
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-ifneq ($(BUILD),$(notdir $(CURDIR)))
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-export OUTPUT := $(CURDIR)/$(TARGET)
-
-export VPATH := $(CURDIR)/$(subst /,,$(dir $(ICON)))\
-                $(foreach dir,$(SOURCES),$(CURDIR)/$(dir))\
-                $(foreach dir,$(DATA),$(CURDIR)/$(dir))\
-                $(foreach dir,$(GRAPHICS),$(CURDIR)/$(dir))
-
-export DEPSDIR := $(CURDIR)/$(BUILD)
-
-CFILES   := $(foreach dir,$(SOURCES),$(notdir $(wildcard $(dir)/*.c)))
-CPPFILES := $(foreach dir,$(SOURCES),$(notdir $(wildcard $(dir)/*.cpp)))
-SFILES   := $(foreach dir,$(SOURCES),$(notdir $(wildcard $(dir)/*.s)))
-PNGFILES := $(foreach dir,$(GRAPHICS),$(notdir $(wildcard $(dir)/*.png)))
-BINFILES := $(foreach dir,$(DATA),$(notdir $(wildcard $(dir)/*.*)))
-
-# prepare NitroFS directory
-ifneq ($(strip $(NITRO)),)
-  export NITRO_FILES := $(CURDIR)/$(NITRO)
-endif
-
-# get audio list for maxmod
-ifneq ($(strip $(AUDIO)),)
-  export MODFILES	:=	$(foreach dir,$(notdir $(wildcard $(AUDIO)/*.*)),$(CURDIR)/$(AUDIO)/$(dir))
-
-  # place the soundbank file in NitroFS if using it
-  ifneq ($(strip $(NITRO)),)
-    export SOUNDBANK := $(NITRO_FILES)/soundbank.bin
-
-  # otherwise, needs to be loaded from memory
-  else
-    export SOUNDBANK := soundbank.bin
-    BINFILES += $(SOUNDBANK)
-  endif
-endif
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# use CXX for linking C++ projects, CC for standard C
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-ifeq ($(strip $(CPPFILES)),)
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-  export LD := $(CC)
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-else
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-  export LD := $(CXX)
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-endif
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-export OFILES_BIN   :=	$(addsuffix .o,$(BINFILES))
-
-export OFILES_SOURCES := $(CPPFILES:.cpp=.o) $(CFILES:.c=.o) $(SFILES:.s=.o)
-
-export OFILES := $(PNGFILES:.png=.o) $(OFILES_BIN) $(OFILES_SOURCES)
-
-export HFILES := $(PNGFILES:.png=.h) $(addsuffix .h,$(subst .,_,$(BINFILES)))
-
-export INCLUDE  := $(foreach dir,$(INCLUDES),-iquote $(CURDIR)/$(dir))\
-                   $(foreach dir,$(LIBDIRS),-I$(dir)/include)\
-                   -I$(CURDIR)/$(BUILD)
-export LIBPATHS := $(foreach dir,$(LIBDIRS),-L$(dir)/lib)
-
-ifeq ($(strip $(ICON)),)
-  icons := $(wildcard *.bmp)
-
-  ifneq (,$(findstring $(TARGET).bmp,$(icons)))
-    export GAME_ICON := $(CURDIR)/$(TARGET).bmp
-  else
-    ifneq (,$(findstring icon.bmp,$(icons)))
-      export GAME_ICON := $(CURDIR)/icon.bmp
-    endif
-  endif
-else
-  ifeq ($(suffix $(ICON)), .grf)
-    export GAME_ICON := $(CURDIR)/$(ICON)
-  else
-    export GAME_ICON := $(CURDIR)/$(BUILD)/$(notdir $(basename $(ICON))).grf
-  endif
-endif
-
-.PHONY: $(BUILD) clean
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-$(BUILD):
-	@mkdir -p $@
-	@$(MAKE) --no-print-directory -C $(BUILD) -f $(CURDIR)/Makefile
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-clean:
-	@echo clean ...
-	@rm -fr $(BUILD) $(TARGET).elf $(TARGET).nds $(SOUNDBANK)
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-else
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# main targets
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-$(OUTPUT).nds: $(OUTPUT).elf $(GAME_ICON)
-$(OUTPUT).elf: $(OFILES)
-
-# source files depend on generated headers
-$(OFILES_SOURCES) : $(HFILES)
-
-# need to build soundbank first
-$(OFILES): $(SOUNDBANK)
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# rule to build solution from music files
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-$(SOUNDBANK) : $(MODFILES)
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-	mmutil $^ -d -o$@ -hsoundbank.h
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-%.bin.o %_bin.h : %.bin
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-	@echo $(notdir $<)
-	@$(bin2o)
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# This rule creates assembly source files using grit
-# grit takes an image file and a .grit describing how the file is to be processed
-# add additional rules like this for each image extension
-# you use in the graphics folders
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-%.s %.h: %.png %.grit
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-	grit $< -fts -o$*
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Convert non-GRF game icon to GRF if needed
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-$(GAME_ICON): $(notdir $(ICON))
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-	@echo convert $(notdir $<)
-	@grit $< -g -gt -gB4 -gT FF00FF -m! -p -pe 16 -fh! -ftr
-
--include $(DEPSDIR)/*.d
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-endif
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+include ../../Makefile.example

examples/loading/incomplete_texture/Makefile.blocksds

@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-# This is a minimal makefile only used for the examples. If you want a makefile
-# for your project, take one from the templates inside examples/templates.
-
-GFXDIRS := graphics
-
-include ../../Makefile.example.blocksds

examples/loading/incomplete_texture/source/main.c

@@ -1,17 +1,9 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: CC0-1.0
 //
-// SPDX-FileContributor: Antonio Niño Díaz, 2008-2011, 2019, 2022
+// SPDX-FileContributor: Antonio Niño Díaz, 2008-2024
 //
 // This file is part of Nitro Engine
 
-#include <NEMain.h>
-
-#include "a3pal32.h"
-#include "pal4.h"
-
-NE_Material *Material, *Material2;
-NE_Palette *Palette, *Palette2;
-
 // This is an example to show how Nitro Engine can load textures of any height.
 // Internally, the NDS thinks that the texture is bigger, but Nitro Engine only
 // uses the parts that the user has loaded.
@@ -28,21 +20,34 @@ NE_Palette *Palette, *Palette2;
 // - They save space in the final ROM, but you can achieve the same effect
 //   compressing them with LZSS compression, for example.
 
-void Draw3DScene(void)
+#include <NEMain.h>
+
+#include "a3pal32.h"
+#include "pal4.h"
+
+typedef struct {
+    NE_Material *Material, *Material2;
+} SceneData;
+
+void Draw3DScene(void *arg)
 {
+    SceneData *Scene = arg;
+
     NE_2DViewInit();
 
     NE_2DDrawTexturedQuad(40, 10,
                           40 + 32, 10 + 100,
-                          0, Material);
+                          0, Scene->Material);
 
     NE_2DDrawTexturedQuad(128, 10,
                           128 + 64, 10 + 100,
-                          0, Material2);
+                          0, Scene->Material2);
 }
 
-int main(void)
+int main(int argc, char *argv[])
 {
+    SceneData Scene = { 0 };
+
     irqEnable(IRQ_HBLANK);
     irqSet(IRQ_VBLANK, NE_VBLFunc);
     irqSet(IRQ_HBLANK, NE_HBLFunc);
@@ -51,31 +56,31 @@ int main(void)
     NE_Init3D();
 
     // Allocate objects for a material
-    Material = NE_MaterialCreate();
-    Palette = NE_PaletteCreate();
+    Scene.Material = NE_MaterialCreate();
+    NE_Palette *Palette = NE_PaletteCreate();
 
-    NE_MaterialTexLoad(Material,
+    NE_MaterialTexLoad(Scene.Material,
                        NE_A3PAL32, // Texture type
                        64, 200,    // Width, height (in pixels)
                        NE_TEXGEN_TEXCOORD, a3pal32Bitmap);
     NE_PaletteLoad(Palette, a3pal32Pal, 32, NE_A3PAL32);
-    NE_MaterialSetPalette(Material, Palette);
+    NE_MaterialSetPalette(Scene.Material, Palette);
 
     // Allocate objects for another material
-    Material2 = NE_MaterialCreate();
-    Palette2 = NE_PaletteCreate();
+    Scene.Material2 = NE_MaterialCreate();
+    NE_Palette *Palette2 = NE_PaletteCreate();
 
-    NE_MaterialTexLoad(Material2, NE_PAL4, 64, 100, NE_TEXGEN_TEXCOORD,
+    NE_MaterialTexLoad(Scene.Material2, NE_PAL4, 64, 100, NE_TEXGEN_TEXCOORD,
                        pal4Bitmap);
     NE_PaletteLoad(Palette2, pal4Pal, 4, NE_PAL4);
-    NE_MaterialSetPalette(Material2, Palette2);
+    NE_MaterialSetPalette(Scene.Material2, Palette2);
 
     while (1)
     {
         NE_WaitForVBL(0);
 
         // Draw 3D scene
-        NE_Process(Draw3DScene);
+        NE_ProcessArg(Draw3DScene, &Scene);
     }
 
     return 0;

examples/loading/model_with_vertex_color/Makefile

@@ -1,220 +1,7 @@
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-.SUFFIXES:
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# This is a minimal makefile only used for the examples. If you want a makefile
+# for your project, take one from the templates inside examples/templates.
 
-ifeq ($(strip $(DEVKITARM)),)
-$(error "Please set DEVKITARM in your environment. export DEVKITARM=<path to>devkitARM")
-endif
+BINDIRS	:= data
+GFXDIRS	:= graphics
 
-include $(DEVKITARM)/ds_rules
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# TARGET is the name of the output
-# BUILD is the directory where object files & intermediate files will be placed
-# SOURCES is a list of directories containing source code
-# INCLUDES is a list of directories containing extra header files
-# DATA is a list of directories containing binary files embedded using bin2o
-# GRAPHICS is a list of directories containing image files to be converted with grit
-# AUDIO is a list of directories containing audio to be converted by maxmod
-# ICON is the image used to create the game icon, leave blank to use default rule
-# NITRO is a directory that will be accessible via NitroFS
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-TARGET   := $(shell basename $(CURDIR))
-BUILD    := build
-SOURCES  := source
-INCLUDES := include
-DATA     := data
-GRAPHICS := graphics
-AUDIO    :=
-ICON     :=
-
-# specify a directory which contains the nitro filesystem
-# this is relative to the Makefile
-NITRO    :=
-
-# These set the information text in the nds file
-GAME_TITLE     := $(shell basename $(CURDIR))
-GAME_SUBTITLE1 := Nitro Engine example
-GAME_SUBTITLE2 := github.com/AntonioND/nitro-engine
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# options for code generation
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-ARCH := -marm -mthumb-interwork -march=armv5te -mtune=arm946e-s
-
-CFLAGS   := -g -Wall -O3\
-            $(ARCH) $(INCLUDE) -DARM9
-CXXFLAGS := $(CFLAGS) -fno-rtti -fno-exceptions
-ASFLAGS  := -g $(ARCH)
-LDFLAGS   = -specs=ds_arm9.specs -g $(ARCH) -Wl,-Map,$(notdir $*.map)
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# any extra libraries we wish to link with the project (order is important)
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-LIBS := -lNE -lfat -lnds9
-
-# automatigically add libraries for NitroFS
-ifneq ($(strip $(NITRO)),)
-LIBS := -lfilesystem -lfat $(LIBS)
-endif
-# automagically add maxmod library
-ifneq ($(strip $(AUDIO)),)
-LIBS := -lmm9 $(LIBS)
-endif
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# list of directories containing libraries, this must be the top level containing
-# include and lib
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-LIBDIRS := $(LIBNDS) $(PORTLIBS) $(DEVKITPRO)/nitro-engine
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# no real need to edit anything past this point unless you need to add additional
-# rules for different file extensions
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-ifneq ($(BUILD),$(notdir $(CURDIR)))
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-export OUTPUT := $(CURDIR)/$(TARGET)
-
-export VPATH := $(CURDIR)/$(subst /,,$(dir $(ICON)))\
-                $(foreach dir,$(SOURCES),$(CURDIR)/$(dir))\
-                $(foreach dir,$(DATA),$(CURDIR)/$(dir))\
-                $(foreach dir,$(GRAPHICS),$(CURDIR)/$(dir))
-
-export DEPSDIR := $(CURDIR)/$(BUILD)
-
-CFILES   := $(foreach dir,$(SOURCES),$(notdir $(wildcard $(dir)/*.c)))
-CPPFILES := $(foreach dir,$(SOURCES),$(notdir $(wildcard $(dir)/*.cpp)))
-SFILES   := $(foreach dir,$(SOURCES),$(notdir $(wildcard $(dir)/*.s)))
-PNGFILES := $(foreach dir,$(GRAPHICS),$(notdir $(wildcard $(dir)/*.png)))
-BINFILES := $(foreach dir,$(DATA),$(notdir $(wildcard $(dir)/*.*)))
-
-# prepare NitroFS directory
-ifneq ($(strip $(NITRO)),)
-  export NITRO_FILES := $(CURDIR)/$(NITRO)
-endif
-
-# get audio list for maxmod
-ifneq ($(strip $(AUDIO)),)
-  export MODFILES	:=	$(foreach dir,$(notdir $(wildcard $(AUDIO)/*.*)),$(CURDIR)/$(AUDIO)/$(dir))
-
-  # place the soundbank file in NitroFS if using it
-  ifneq ($(strip $(NITRO)),)
-    export SOUNDBANK := $(NITRO_FILES)/soundbank.bin
-
-  # otherwise, needs to be loaded from memory
-  else
-    export SOUNDBANK := soundbank.bin
-    BINFILES += $(SOUNDBANK)
-  endif
-endif
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# use CXX for linking C++ projects, CC for standard C
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-ifeq ($(strip $(CPPFILES)),)
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-  export LD := $(CC)
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-else
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-  export LD := $(CXX)
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-endif
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-export OFILES_BIN   :=	$(addsuffix .o,$(BINFILES))
-
-export OFILES_SOURCES := $(CPPFILES:.cpp=.o) $(CFILES:.c=.o) $(SFILES:.s=.o)
-
-export OFILES := $(PNGFILES:.png=.o) $(OFILES_BIN) $(OFILES_SOURCES)
-
-export HFILES := $(PNGFILES:.png=.h) $(addsuffix .h,$(subst .,_,$(BINFILES)))
-
-export INCLUDE  := $(foreach dir,$(INCLUDES),-iquote $(CURDIR)/$(dir))\
-                   $(foreach dir,$(LIBDIRS),-I$(dir)/include)\
-                   -I$(CURDIR)/$(BUILD)
-export LIBPATHS := $(foreach dir,$(LIBDIRS),-L$(dir)/lib)
-
-ifeq ($(strip $(ICON)),)
-  icons := $(wildcard *.bmp)
-
-  ifneq (,$(findstring $(TARGET).bmp,$(icons)))
-    export GAME_ICON := $(CURDIR)/$(TARGET).bmp
-  else
-    ifneq (,$(findstring icon.bmp,$(icons)))
-      export GAME_ICON := $(CURDIR)/icon.bmp
-    endif
-  endif
-else
-  ifeq ($(suffix $(ICON)), .grf)
-    export GAME_ICON := $(CURDIR)/$(ICON)
-  else
-    export GAME_ICON := $(CURDIR)/$(BUILD)/$(notdir $(basename $(ICON))).grf
-  endif
-endif
-
-.PHONY: $(BUILD) clean
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-$(BUILD):
-	@mkdir -p $@
-	@$(MAKE) --no-print-directory -C $(BUILD) -f $(CURDIR)/Makefile
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-clean:
-	@echo clean ...
-	@rm -fr $(BUILD) $(TARGET).elf $(TARGET).nds $(SOUNDBANK)
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-else
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# main targets
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-$(OUTPUT).nds: $(OUTPUT).elf $(GAME_ICON)
-$(OUTPUT).elf: $(OFILES)
-
-# source files depend on generated headers
-$(OFILES_SOURCES) : $(HFILES)
-
-# need to build soundbank first
-$(OFILES): $(SOUNDBANK)
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# rule to build solution from music files
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-$(SOUNDBANK) : $(MODFILES)
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-	mmutil $^ -d -o$@ -hsoundbank.h
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-%.bin.o %_bin.h : %.bin
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-	@echo $(notdir $<)
-	@$(bin2o)
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# This rule creates assembly source files using grit
-# grit takes an image file and a .grit describing how the file is to be processed
-# add additional rules like this for each image extension
-# you use in the graphics folders
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-%.s %.h: %.png %.grit
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-	grit $< -fts -o$*
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Convert non-GRF game icon to GRF if needed
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-$(GAME_ICON): $(notdir $(ICON))
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-	@echo convert $(notdir $<)
-	@grit $< -g -gt -gB4 -gT FF00FF -m! -p -pe 16 -fh! -ftr
-
--include $(DEPSDIR)/*.d
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-endif
-#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+include ../../Makefile.example

examples/loading/model_with_vertex_color/Makefile.blocksds

@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-# This is a minimal makefile only used for the examples. If you want a makefile
-# for your project, take one from the templates inside examples/templates.
-
-BINDIRS	:= data
-GFXDIRS	:= graphics
-
-include ../../Makefile.example.blocksds